Female Victims of Violent Crime - Bureau of Justice Statistics

•U.S. Department of JusticeOfficeofJustice ProgramsBureau of Justice StatisticsFemale Victimsof Violent Crimer .., .••

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Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI48106 (toll·free 1·800·999·0960).National Crime SurveyThe Nation's two crime measures: UniformCrime Reports and the Natlonat CrimeSurvey, NCJ·122705, 4/90Criminal vlclimization In the U.S.:1988 (final), NCJ·122024, 10/901987 (final report), NCJ·115524, 6/89BJS special reportsHandgun crime victims, NCJ-123559, 7/90Black victims, NCJ·122562, 4190Hispanic victims, NCJ-120507, 1/90The redesigned National Crime Survey:Selected new data, NCJ-114746, 1/89Motor vehicle theil, NCJ-109978, 3/88Elderly victims, NCJ-107676, 11187Violent crime trends, NCJ-107217, 11187Robbery victims NCJ-104838, 4187Violent crime by strangers and non·strangers, NCJ-103702, 1187Preventing domestic violence againstwomen, NCJ·102037, 8/86Crime prevention measures, NCJ·100438,3186The use of weapolls In committing crlm~s,NCJ·99643, 1/86Reporting crimea to the police, NCJ·99432,12185Locating city, suburban, and rural crime,NCJ·99535, 12185The economic cost of crime to '/lctims,NCJ·93450, 4184Family violence, NCJ·93449, 4/84BJS bulletins:Criminal vlctimizalion 1989, NCJ·125615,10/90Crime and the Nation's households, 1989,NCJ·124544,9/90The crime of rape, NCJ·96777, 3/85Household burg1ary, NCJ·96021, 1185Measuring crime, NCJ·75710, 2181BJS technical reportsNew directions for the NCS, NCJ·115571,3/89Series crimes: Report of a field test,NCJ·,04615, 4/87Female victims of Violent crlms,NCJ·127187, 1/91Redesign of the National Crime Survey,NCJ·111457,3/89The seasonality of crime victimization,NCJ·111033,6/88Crime and older Americans Informationpackage, NCJ·104569, $10, 5/87Teenage victims, NCJ·103138, 12186Victimization and fear of crime: Worldperspectives, NCJ·93872, 1/85, $9.15The National Crime Survey: Working papers,vol. I: Current and hls\orlcal perspectlves,NCJ·75374, 8/82vol. II: Methodology studies, NCJ·90307CorrectionsBJS bulletins and special reports;Capltaf punishment 1989, NCJ-124545, 10/90Violent State prison inmates and theirvictims, NCJ·124133, 7/90Prisoners In 1989, NCJ-122716, 5190Prison rule violators, NCJ·120344, 12/89Capital punIshment 1988, NCJ·118313, 7189RecIdivism of prisoners released In 1983,NCJ·116261,4/89Drug use and crime: State prison Inmatesurvey, 1986, NCJ·111940, 7/88Time served in prison and on parole 1984,NCJ·l08544, 12187Profile of State prison inmates, 1986,NCJ·109926, 1188tmprlsonment In four countries,NCJ·l03967,2J87Population density In State prisons,NCJ·103204, 12186State and Federal prisoners, 1925·85,NCJ·102494, 11185Prison admissions and reieases, 1983,NCJ·loo582,3/86The prevalence of Imprisonment,NCJ·93657, 7185National corrections reporting program,1985, NCJ·123522, 12190Prisoners at midyear 1990 (press release),10/90Correctional populations In the U.S.:1987, NCJ·118762, 121891986, NCJ·111611, 21891985, NCJ·103957, 2IBBHistorical statistics on prisoners In State andFederal InstitUtions, yearend 1925·86,NCJ·l11098,61881984 census of State adult correctionalfacilities, NCJ·105585, 7/87Census o( /alls and survey o( lallinmates:BJS bulletins and special reports:Jail Inmates, 1989, NCJ·123264, 6/90Population densIty In local Jails, 1~88,N CJ·122299, 3/90Census of local Jails, 1988 (BJS bulletin).NCJ·121101, 2190Jail Inmates, 1987, NCJ·114319, 12188Drunk driving, NCJ·109945, 2188Jail inmates, 1986, NCJ·107123. 10/87The 1983 Jail census, NCJ·95536, 11/84Census 01 local jailS, 1983: Dala forIndividual jails, vols. I·IV, Northeast,Midwest, South, West, NCJ·112796-9;vol. V. Selected findings, methodology,summary tables, NCJ·112795, 11/88Our crowded Jails: A national plight,NCJ·111846,8/88Parole and probationBJS bulletinsProbation and parole:1989, NCJ·125833, 1 '1901988, NCJ·119970, 11/B9Setting prison terms, NCJ·76218, 8183BJS special reportsRecidivism of young parolees, NCJ·104916,5187Children in custodyCensus of public and private Juveniledetention, correctional, and shelterfacl1ilies, 1975·85, NCJ·114065, 6189Survey of youth In custody, 1987(special report), NCJ·113365, 9/88Public juvenile facilities, 1985(bulletin), NCJ,102457, 10/86Law enforcement managementBJS blll/elins and specIal reports:Police departments In large cities, 1987,NCJ·119220, 8189Profile of state and local law enforcementagencies, NCJ·113949, 3/89Expenditure and employmentBJS bulletins:Justice expendlfure and employment:1988, NCJ·123132, 7$01985, NCJ·104460, 31871983, NCJ·l01776, 7186Antl,drug abuse formula grants: Justicevarlabl9 pass·through data, 1988 (BJSTechnical Report), NCJ·120070, 3190Justice expenditure and employment:1985 (full report), NCJ·106356, 8189Extracts, 1982 and 1983, NC,I·106629, 8188CourtsBJS bulletins:Felony sentences In State courts, 1988,NCJ·126923, 12190Criminal defense for the poor, 1986,NCJ··!12919, 9/88State felony courts and felony laws,NCJ·106273,8187The Rrowth of appeals: 1973·83 trends,NCJ·96381,2I85Case flIlngs In State courts 1983,NCJ·95111,1(1184BJS special reports:Felony case processing In State courts,1986, NCJ·121753, 2/90Felony case·processlng lime, NCJ·101985,8/86Felony sentenCing In 18 local/urisdlctlons,NCJ·97681,6185Felons sentenced te probation In Statecourts, 1986, NCJ·124944, 11/90Felony defendants In large urban counties,1988, NCJ-122385, 4190Profile of felons convicted In State courts,1986, NCJ·120021, 1190Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony courts,NCJ·105743, 8187National criminal defense systems study,NCJ·94702, 10/86The prosecution of felony arrests:1987, NCJ·124140, 91901986, NCJ·113248, 6/891982, NCJ·106990, 5/88Felony laws 01 the 50 States and the Districtof ColumbIa, 1986, NCJ·105066, 2188, $14.60State court model stallstlcal dlct/onary,Supplement, NCJ·98326, 9/851st edlilon, NCJ.62320, 9/80Privacy and securityCompendIum of State privacy and securitylegIslation:1989 overview, NCJ·121157, 5/901987 overview, NCJ·111097, 9/881989 full report (1, 500 pages,microfiche $2, hard copy $145),NCJ·121158,9/90Criminal Justice Information policy:Original records of entry, NCJ·125626,12190BJSISEARCH conference procoedlngs:Criminal Justice In the 1990's: The fulureof Informatlon management.NCJ·121697,5190Juvenile and adult records: One system,one record?, NCJ·114947, 1/90Open VB. cObfldentlat records,NCJ·113560, 1188Strate9ies lor Improvin9 data quality,NCJ·115339,5/89Public Recess to criminai history recordInformation, NCJ·111458, 11188Juvenile records and recardkeepingsystems, NCJ·112815, 11188Automated fingerPrint identificationsystems: TeGhnology and policy Issues,NCJ·l04342,4187CrimInal Justice "hot" Illes, NCJ·l01850,12186Crime control and criminal records (BJSspecial report), NCJ·99176, 10;85Drugs & crime data:State drug resources: A national directory, •.NCJ·122582,5/90Federal drug dala for national policy, NCJ· .122715, 4/90Drugs and crime facts, 1989, NCJ·121022,1190Computer crimeBJS speCial reports;Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ·96666,3185Electronic fund transfer and crime, NCJ·92850, 2184Electronic fund transfer systems fraud, NCJ·100461, 4186 .Electronic fund transfer systems and crime,NCJ·83736, 9182Expert wItness manual, NCJ·77927, 9181,$11.50Federal justice statisticsFederal criminal case processing, 1980·87,Addendum for 1988 and preliminary 1989,NCJ·125616, 11/90Compendium of Federal Justice statistics1986, NCJ·125617, 11911985, NCJ·123560, 81901984, NCJ·112816, 9/89The Federal civil justice system (BJSbulletin), NCJ·104769, 8/87Federal offenses and offendersBJS special reports;fmmlgratlon offenses, NCJ·124546, 8/90Federal crimInal cases, 1980·87,NCJ·118311,7/89Drug law Violators, 1980·86, NCJ 111763,6188Pretrial release and detention:The Ball Reform Act of 1984,NCJ·109929, 2188Whlte·collar

U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Pro gramsBureau of Justice Statistics"'Female Victimsof Violent CrimeBy Caroline Wolf Harlow, Ph.D.BJS Statistician•January 1991, NCJ·126826u.s. Department of JusticeNational Institute of Justice126026This document has been reproduced exactly as received from theperson or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions statedin this document are those of the authors and do not necessarilyrepresent the official position or policies of the National Institute ofJustice.Permission to reproduce this a P) 11. d material has beengranted gyPub~ic Do~ain/OJP/BJSD.S. Departnent of Justlceto the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS).Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permissionof the ~ owner .•

U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsBureau of Justice StatisticsSteven D. Dillingham, Ph.D.DirectorAcI

••The Office for Victims of CrimeThe 1984 Victims of Crime Act establisheda Crime Victims Fund withmonies obtained from Federal offendersIn the form of fines, financial penaitles,forfeited bail bonds, and literaryprofits. Through the Office for Victimsof Crime (OVC) of the Office of JusticePrograms, monies from this fund augmentState victim compensation andassistance programs. In 1990, OVCprovided a record amount of $125million to support vlctlms programs,including more than 1,600 specializedvlctlm assistance programs for sexualassau~ and domestic violence victims.Since the beginning of the grant programIn 1986, OVC has been committedto assisting sexual assault victimsthroughout the States and in IndianCountry by supporting such services asrape crisis hotllnes and Improved trainingfor criminal Justice officials and victimassistance professionals andthrough other specialized services forsexuai assault victims. In addition, re­Imbursement by State compensationprograms for medical and counselingexpenses increased from approximately$11 million in fiscal 1986 tomore than $29 million in fiscai 1989.Most States have enacted victims rightslegislation to protect victims and to improvetheir treatment within the criminaiJustice system. In 1990 the Congresspassed and President Bush signed iegislationcreating a Federal Victims' Billof Rights.ForewordViolent crimes, particularly rape and violenceagainst Intimates, are vitally Importantto understand and to prevent. Thedebilitating effects of these crimes, mostof which are against women, are dramaticand long-lasting for the victim and forsociety. Yet the very nature of thesecrimes and the consequences of themmean that victims are often unwilling oreven unable to report them to the policeor to a National Crime Survey (NCS)Interviewer.Despite the difficu~ies, in more than a halfmililon interviews of women, thousandswho were raped and thousands who werevictims of violence by family membElrs orboyfriends have described their experiencesto the NCS. Relying on data fromthose Interviews, this report makes currentIn a readily usable form the informationfirst presented in two 8JS SpecialReports.The NCS has redesigned questions togain a deeper understanding of violentcrimes, especially those In which thevictim and offender are members of thesame household. As interviewers beginasking the redesigned questions, we mayobtain fuller information about rape andother violence by Intimates. As the publicmore openly discusses these crimesbecause of information such as that in thisreport, victims will be better able to makeknown the full extent of the problem.Steven D. Dillingham, Ph.D.Director•Female Victims of Violent Crime III

Contents•IntroductionViolence by Intimates 1Reporting violence by Intimatesto the police 3Characteristics of womenvictimized by Intimates 5Characteristics of violenceby Intimates 6Rape 1When and where rapes occurred 1Characteristics of victims ofcompleted or attempted rape 8Reporting rape to the police 9Characteristics of offenders 10Comparison of rape by a nonstrangerand by a stranger 12Methodology 14Special InformationHow to Interpret NCS data on rapeand on violence by Intimates 1Comparing female and male victimsof violence 4Completed and attempted rapes reportedto the NCS, by vlctlm-offender relationship,1979-81 "[The NCS questionnaire and the reportingof rape 10FiguresTrends In violent crime victimizationfor victims age 12 or aider, 1973-81 2Tables1. Rate of violent crime victimization ofwomen and men, by victim-offenderrelationship, 1919·81 12. Vlolenoe sustained by female victims,by vlctlm-offender relationship, 1979-8713. Vlctim-offender relationship In crimesof violence reported to the NCS, by sex,1919·87 24. Type of violent crime reported to theNCS by female vlctlms, by victim-offenderrelationship, 1979-87 25. Series and nonserles crimes, byvlctlm-offender relationship for femalevictims, 1919-81 3 .6. Whether violent crimes were reportedto the pOlice, by vlctlm-offender relationshipfor female victims, 1919-87 37. Reasons why female victims reportedviolent crimes to the police, by vlctlmoffenderrelationship, 1919·87 3•S. Reasons why female victims did notreport violent orlmes to the police, byvlctlm-offender relationship, 1919-81 39. Average annual rate of violent victim­Ization of women, by type of Intimatevlctlm-offender relationship and selectedcharacteristics of victims, 1919-81 510. Weapons present In violent victimizationsof women, by vlctlm-offender relatlonohlp,1919-87 611. The nature of the Violence, the kindof Injury, and the site of the medical carereceived by female victims of violentcrime, by vlctlm-offender relationship,1979-87 612. Self-protective measures thatfemale victims took during violent Victim­Izations, by victim-offender relationship,1979-87 613. Number of crimes, violent crimes, andrapes reported to the NCS, 1973-81 7 •Iv Female Victims of Violent r.rlme

Conr.nta•14. When and where rapes of womenoccurred, by whether the rape wascompleted or attempted, 1979-87 716. Average annual rate of completedand attempted rape, by selected characteristicsof female Victims, 1973-87 81 e. Average annual rate of completedand attempted rape, by residential,employment, and Income characteristicsof female victims, 1973-87 817. Average annual rate of rape, byfamily Income and race of female victims,1979-87 818. Reporting of rape of women to thepollee, by characteristics of the crimeand the victim, 1973-87 919. Reasons why female victims of completedor attempted rape reported thecrime to tho police, 1979-87 92R. Incident characteristics of rape ofwomen, by whether offender was anonstranger or a stranger, 1973-87 1230. Injury and medical care receivedby female victims of rape, by whetheroffender was a non stranger or a stranger,1973-87 1231. Characteristics of offenders In rapeof women, by whether offender was anonstranger or a stranger, 1973-87 1232. Female victims' reporting rape tothe pOlice, by whether offender was anonstranger or a stranger, 1973-87 13Appendix table. Rate of victimization fromselected violent crimes per 1,000 personsage 12 or older, by sex and year,1973-87 14•20. Reasons why female victims of completedor attempted rape did not reportthe crime to the police, 1979-87 921. Race of offenders, by race of femalevictims of rape, 1973-87 1022. Race of offenders, by race of femalevictims of rape and victim-offender relationship,1973-87 1023. Age of offenders In slngle- andmultlple-offender rape of women,1979-87 1024. Age of female victims of rape withone victim and one offender, by ageof offender, 1979-87 1125. Weapon present In rape of women,by whether the rape was completedor attempted, 1973-87 1126. Whether the rape was completed orattempted, by whether female victims tookse~-protectlve measures, 1973-87 1127. Whether female victims of rape wereInjured, by whether they took selfprotectivemeasures, 1973-87 11•28. Injury and medical care received byfemale victims of completed or attemptedrape, 1973-87 11Female Victims of Violent Crime v

•••Women are generally less likely than mento be crime victims. The rate at whichwomen fell victIm to a violent crime from1979 to 1987 was Just less than threefifthsthe violent victimization rate of men.Yet, the difference between men's andwomen's rates of victimization from violentcrime has slowly decreased from 1973through 1987. In most violent crime cate·gorles, rates for men declined throughoutthe period while the rates for women el·ther remained constant or declined lessthan those for men.In two classHlcatlons of crime, violencebetween Intimates and rape, female victimspredomlnate. 1 The National CrimeSurvey (NCS) permits a detailed examinationof these two kinds of crime as wellas other violent offenses that affectwomen. Data from the NCS can be usedto explore the relationship between thevictims and their attackers and to portraysome of the characteristics of the crimesand the outcomes of those crimes.An earlier report presented survey find­Ings on assaults within the family, consideringonly offenders who ware related tothe victim (Family Violence, BJS SpecialReport, April 1984). This presentationuses the more Inclusive category of offenderas Intimate - family member, exspouse,boyfriend, ex-boyfriend - toupdate the previous report. An offenderwas classified as a boyfriend or exboyfriendIf he had dated, had takenout, or had gone with the victim.This report also examines rape In detail.The NCS data from 15 years have beenaggregated to obtain a large number ofsample cases for a comprElhanslve statisticalprOfile. These findings update Informationpresented In The Crime of Rape(BJS Bulletin, March 1985). (See the boxon page 10 discussing the questionsasked NCS respondents.)Violence by IntimatesIn the NCS violence against Intimates Includesany violent crime measured by thesurvey - rape, robbery, and assault, bothaggravated and simple.1The NCS collects data on criminal victimizations expsrlencedby persons age 12 or older. Except whereage Is expli~ltly dlscu ssad, references to women Inthlll report Include female adolescents'but not childrenunder age 12.• Because the NCS cannot account formurder or manslaughter, crimes that com·prise about 1 % of all violent crimes, thebest source for Information on homicideIs the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), col·lected by the FBI from local author~les.Among all female victims of murders thatpolice reported to the UCR In 1989, 28%were believed to have been slain by husbandsor boyfrlends.-• Women were victims of violent Intimatesat a rate 3 times that of men (6.3 per1,000 women compared to 1.8 per 1,000men) (table 1). Among victims of violence2Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime In the UnitedSIBtes, Uniform Crime Reports for the United States1989, August 1990, p. 12.How to Inl8rpret NCS data on rapeand on vIolence by InUmawsThe estimates [of family vlolence) ... should not beused as estimates of the level of family violence Inthe United States. Rather, they are Ilstimates ofthe amount of family violence that people consideredto be criminal and that victims chose to andwere able to relate to survey Interviewers.Family Violence(NCJ-93449, April 1 984)The sllclal stigma traditionally attached to rapemakes the experience difficult for many victims todiscuss. Only about half of tho victims of rape orattempted rape surveyed during the decade statedthat the crime had been reported to the police ....Just as some women are reluctant to report rapeto the police, others are reluctant to report theevent to a survey Interviewer .... The exact amountof the understatement Is Impossible to ascertain.In the National Crime Survey, each victim definesrape for horself. If she reports that ~he has beenthe victim of rape or attempted rape, she Is notasked to explain what happened any further. Onthe other hand, no one In the survey Is ever askeddirectly If she has been raped. This responsemust come voluntarily In reply to a series of questionson bodily harm,me Crime of Rape(NCJ-96777, March 1985)NCS procedures for measuring rape are changingas a result of a 10-year redesl9n study. The sur·vey will ask direct questions about sexual assault,Including rapes Involving family members or otherIntimates. These questions are currently beln9asked In 10% of the NCS sample; they will bephased Into the full sample by 1993.New Directionsfor the National Crime Survey(NCJ-115571, March 1989)by a stranger, the rate for women (11.4per 1,000) was 61 % lewer than that formen (29.4 per 1,000). Women were 6times more likely than men to be victim­Ized by a spouse, ex-spouse, boyfriend,or girlfriend.• During the 9-year period, Intimates committed5.6 m"lIon violent victimizationsagainst women, an annual average of al·most 626,000 (table 2).Table 1. Rate of vIolent crimevlcUmlzaUon of women and men,by vlcUm-offender relaUonshlp, 1979-87Rate of violent crimeVictim-offender victimization ~r 1,000relationship Women MenIntimate 6.3 1.8Other personwhom victim knew 7.0 12.1etranger 11.4 29.4Note: NCS collects data on criminal victimizationsexperienced by persons age 12 or older. Referencesto women and men Include adolescents butnot children unc!er age 12.Table 2. VIolence sustaIned by femalevIctIms, by vlcUm-offender relaUonshlp,1979-87Estimated number of violentvictimizations thet femaleVictim-offenderrelationshipIntimateSpouseEx-spouse"ParentChildBrotherlslsterOther relativeBoyfriendUnspecifiedvictims sustainedTotal, Average an-1979-87 nual number5,632,400512,0001,945,300187,700149,900307,500539,6001,789,200201,200625,80056,900216,10020,90016,70034,20060,000198,80022,400Other personwhom victim knew 6,271,400 696,800Stranger 10,193,300 1,132,600Note: Detail may not add to total because ofrounding. There were 852,000 estimated violentvictimizations of women for which the victimoffenderrelationship was unknown."Includes separated or divorced spouses.Female Victims of Violent Crime 1

•• Among violent crime victims, 25% ofthe women and 4% of the men were victimizedby persons whom they knewIntimately (table 3).• Those women vlctlml~ed by Intimateswere mora likely to experience assaultsand less likely to be robbed than femalevictims of nonlntlmates.• About 1 In 5 women victimized by theirspouse or ex-spouse reported that theyhad been the victim of a series of similar• Three out of four offenders committingdomestlo violence against women werespouses (9%), ex-spouses (35%), andboyfriends or ex-boyfriends (32%). Whenonly spousal abuse Is considered, divorcedor separated men committed 79%of suoh violence, and husbands, 21%.• Of the Intimates' violent crimes thatfemale victims reported, 85% were assaults,11% were robberies, and 3% wererapes (table 4). Approximately a quarterof the assaults were aggravated, meaningthat the offender had used a weapon orhad seriously Injured the victim. The remalnlngassaults were simple, Indicatingeither a minor Injury - bruises, blackeyes, cuts, scratches, swelling, or undeterminedInjuries requiring less than 2days of hospitalization - or a verbalUveat of harm.Tabla 3. Vlctlm-otf8nder relaUonahlpIn crime. of violence reportedto thil NCS, by sax, 1 "7"-87VlctimoffenderrelationshipPercent ofviolent crimesFemale Mtii8'victims victimsTabl. 4. Type of vlol.nt orlm. r.ported to the NCS by fcimale vlotlms,by vlotlm-offend.r relatlonlhlp, 1"7"-87Violence b~ IntimatesViolenceSpouse! Other Boyfamilyfriend Allb~ nonlntlmatllsType of crime Total All ex-spouseStrangerTotal 100% 100% 100%Rape 6 3 2Robbery 17 11 11Assault n 85 87Aggravated 22 21 21Simple 66 64 67Note: Detail may not add to t()tal because of rounding.Trend. In vlol.nt crime victimizationfor vIctims age 12 or older, 1973-87Total vlol1ll11 crime. Women experlenc9dviolent crime at the same rate in 1973 and 1987.The 1987 rate of violent crime victimization formen was 20% lower than the 1973 rate.60 2040100% 100% 100% 100%4 5 7 711 13 19 2585 82 74 6724 20 21 2162 62 53 46Aggravated assault. Victimization rates for aggravatedassaults against women declined 21% from1973 to 1987. The aggravated assault victimization . •rate for men was 27% lower In 1987 than In 191J.1610All NCS violent crimes 100.0% 100.0% 20IntimateSpoUG8'Ex-spouseParentChUdBrc,therlslsterOther relativeBoyfrlencVglrlfrlendUn.paclfledOther p;raon whomvictim knewStrangerUnknown relationship24.5%2.28.5.8.71.32.47.8.927.3%44.4%3.7%3.9%.2.6.3.1.51.1.4.726.8%65.3%4.0%Note: Detail may not add to total because ofrounding. For vlctimllatlons with multiple offenders(4% of all victimizations by Intimates), the victimizationIs classified as being committed by theclosest relative Involved - first spouse or exspouseand then parent, child, brother or alater,other relatives. and boyfriend or girlfriend. Anygroup of offenders that had at least one relatedperson was Included.'Includes sepamted or divorced spouses.2 Female VIctIms of Violent Crimeo1973 19n 1982 1987Robbery. Women were robbed at aboutthe lame annual rate throughout the period.The robbery rate for men went down a thirdfrom 197(3101987.15105o1973 19n 1982 19875o1973 1977 1982 1987Simple ... aull. By 1987 women were experlenclngsimple assaults at a rate 14% higher than In 1978.The simple assault rate for men was about thesame at the beginning and end of the period.302010•o1973 19n 1982 1987

•crimes (table 5). They had sustained atleast three assaults within 6 months of theInterview, and 11he assaults were so similarthat they could not remember themdistinctly.••• Serles crimes also accounted for about16% of the assaults against woman victimizedby a violent boyfriend, exboyfriend,or family member other than ahusband or ex-husband. About 9% of thewomen who knew the offender but not Intimatelyand about 4% who ware victim­Ized by strangers had sustained seriescrimes.Reporting violence by Intimatesto the police• When women were victimized by Intimates,56% of the victimizations were reportedto the police; when the offenderswere not Intimates, 52% were reported(table 6). When women were victimizedby strangers, 57% of the Incidents werereported to law enforcement authorities.The finding that women were as likely toreport violence by Intimates as violenceby strangers helps to establish the seriousnature of the assaults by Intimatesbeing reported to the NCS.• When offenders were friends or acquaintancesbut not Intimates, 45% of theIncidents were reported to the police. Victimsof friends and acquaintances weresignificantly younger than victims of Intimatesand strangers, and this factor ofage may have Influenced whether thevictim reported to the police.• Almost half of the victims of Intimate violencesaid that the Incident was reportedto the pOlice to stop It from happening;less than a third of the victims of violenceby strangers or friends and acquaintancesgave that reason (table 7). About half ofeach group of victims said that the crimewas reported to prevent a similar crime.While a fourth of the victims of Intimateviolence said that they reported to thepolice to punish the offender, a third of thevictims of strangers or friends and acquaintancesgave that answer.• Almost half of the victims who reportedIntimate violence to the NCS but not to thepolice said that the violence was a privateor personal matter or that they took careof It themselves (table 8). A higher pro-Table 5. SerIea and nonll8l'lu crimes, by vlctlm-offender relationshipfor female vlctlma, 197N7Violence !?:i IntimatesSpoueel OtherType of crime Total All ex-spouee !emilyTotal 100% 1000/0 1000/0 1000/0Series crimea 9 18 21 16Nonserles crimea 91 82 79 86Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.100%1686Table 6. Whether violent crimes were reported to the police,by vlctlm-offender relationship for female victims, 19N-87Violence !?:i IntimatesReporting Spousol Olherto the police Total All ex-spouso !emilyTotal 100% 1000/0 1000/0 1000/0Not reported 46 44 44 41Reported 63 66 66 66Unknown 1 1 1 1Note: Detail may not add to lotal becauee of rounding.Table 7. Reasons why female victimsreported violent crimea to the police,by vlctlm-offender relationship, 1979-87Reasons forreegrtinll to the egllceOffendersintimate NonlntimaleTo keep Incidentfrom happening egaln 51% 49%To stop Incidentfrom happening 47 32To punish the offender 24 33To fulfiU a victim's duty 7 19To gat help after incident 10 6To recover property 4 12Because It was a crime 5 6Because there wasevidence or proof 5 5To collect Insurance 2Other reasons 18 17Number, 1979-87 2,193,900 6,067,800Note: Percentages add to more than 100%because some respondents gave more thanone reason.-Too few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimate.portion of victims of Intimate violence thanvictims of nonlntlmate violence gave as areason for not reporting to the pOlice thatthe violent crime was a parsonal matter.Violence by nonlntimateaOther personwhomAll victim knew Stranger100"k6941000/0991100%496BoyfriendVlolenco by nonlntlmatesOther personBoyfriendwhomAll victim knew Stranger1000/0 100% 100% 100%46 46 64 4264 52 45 670 1 1 1Table 8. Reasons why female victimsdid not report violent crimesto the police, by vlctlm-offenderrelationship, 1979-87Reasons for notOffenderllreegrtinll to the I!!llcra Intimate NonlntimetePrivate or personalmatter or tookcare of herself 48% 22%Afraid of reprisal byoffender or his !emilyor friends 19 7Reported tosomeone else 6 19Old not think IIimportantonough 6 17Police wouldn't thinkIt Important enough 9 8Police would be Inefficlen~Ineffective,or Ineellsltive 7 8Lack of proof or no wayto find offender 9Object was recovered oroffender was unsuccessful 2 8Old not want to take thetime or too inconvenient 3Property would bedifficult iD recover 1Other reasons 18 16Note: Percentagss add to more than 100%because some respondents gave more thanone reason. "Old not realize It was a crime untillater" recr;lved less than 0.6% and I, omitted.-Too few cases to obtain a statistically rallll,bleestimate.Fema~W~/msofWo~ntCrlm9 3

•Comparing female and malevictims of violenceRace and ethnlclty• Women, regardless of race or ethnlclty,experienced lower rates of violent crimethan men.Average annual rate 01 violentvictimization per 1,000Womon MenTotal 25.8 45.1White 24.6 44.0BlBck 35.3 54.3Oll1or 21.3 43.1• Black women experienced violentcrime at a rate higher than that of womenof other races and at a rate lower thanthat of men of any race.• Hispanic women were mora Ilkely to beviolent crime victims than non-Hispanicwomen.HispanicNon-HispanicAgeAverage annual rate­Women Men30.325.549.944.7• Women In all age categories experiencedviolent crime at a lower rate thanmen. Women younger than 35 experiencedhigher rates of crime than men orwomen older than 34. Men between theages of 12 and 34 had the highest ratesof vlctlmlzatlon by violent crime.12-1516-1920-2425-3435-495O.Q465 or olderMarital statuIAverage annual rate­Womon Men42.650.952.434.718.78.84.873.794.592.953.927.813.47.3• Separated or divorced women were6 times more likely to be victims of violentcrime than widows, 41/2 times moreIlkely than married women, and 3 timesmore likely than widowers and marriedmen. Only males who had never marriedhad higher rates of violent crime thansaparotad or divorced woman.BAIl rates renect the annual average number ofviolent crime victimizations per 1,000 persons ofeach sex age 12 or older, 1979 to 1987.Average annual rate 01 violentvlctimizatlon per 1,000WomenMenMarried 12.S 24.3Widowed 0.7 14.4Separated or divorced 66.5 SS.lNever married 43.9 79.3Family Income• Persons with high family Incomes sustainedthe least amount of violent crIme;persons earning the least money had thehighest vIolent crime rates. At each levelof family Income, women had a lower violentcrime rate than men. Women In thebottom Income category - with the highestrate of violent crime for womenhadabout the same rate as men In thetop income category - the lowest rateof violent crime for men.Lov/>MiddleHighUnknownEmploymentAveroQII annual fate­Women Mon37.823.318.120.061.343.937.336.2• Among persons In all employment categories,the unemployed, members of theArmed Forces, and students were them~st likely to be victims of vlo/ent crime.Women generally had lower rates thanmen In each employment category. Theexceptions with the sexes' having no reliabledifference In theIr violent crime rateswere retirees, members of the ArmedForces, and persons keeping house.(These data reflect responses from personsage 16 or older, 1979-85,)Average annual rateWomen MenUnemployed 73.1 94.5School 37.5 69.0Armed Forces 44.6 55.8Civilian employment 29.0 46.5Unable to work 16.5 28,2Keeping hou89 14.7 26.4Retlred 6.1 8.3Other sltuatlons 47.9 91.8Location of residence• Regardless of area - urban or rura/­women experienced violent crimes at aIIrhe survey respondents with known Income Ineach year ware distributed almost evenly to createthe low. middle. and high family Income categories.rate about 55% below that of men. Forboth sexes rates "f crimes of violencewere highest for central city residentsand lowest for persons In nonmetropolltanareas. (See Methodology for definitionsof locations of residence.)Average annual ratll 01 violentvlctimlzatf(jn R9r 1,000WomllnMenCentral city 35.8 81.3Suburbs 23.3 43.0Nonmetropolitan area 19,3 33.2Housing• Renters experienced relatively moreviolent crime than homeowners. Womenwho rented had lower violent crime ratesthan men who rented but higher violentcrime rates than men who owned theirhomas.OWned homeRentedAverage annual rata­Women Mlln15.947.431.677.2• For each type of housing unit, womenSUstained relatively less violent crimethan men. Persons living In dormItories,boarding houses, halfway houses, missIons,and flophouses and nonlnstltutlonallzedpersons living In Institutions hadthe highest violent crime rates. Nexthighest were for those living In dwellingswith four or more units. Those livIng Insingle dwellings had the lowest rates.Average annual rate-Women MenOne housing unit 19.2 35.9Two-three units 38.0 65.6Four or more units 46.8 78.SMobile homo 29.8 43.6Other housing 73.0 141.4Household size• Among women, those who lived Inhouseholds of three or more personswere most likely to be victims of violentcrime, but their rate was lower than thatof men In overy household-size category.Two-person households had the lowestviolent crime rates for both men andAverage amiual rate-Women MenOne In household 24.2 54.4Two 21.8 35.4Three or more 28.2 46.9••4 Female Victims of Violent Crime

•••• The next most frequently mentlor;edrea..AOn for not reporting violence byIntimates to the pl)lIce was fear of reprisalfrom the offender or his family. Womanvictimized by Intimates admitted fear ofreprisal almost 31:lmes more often thandid victims of nonlntlmate violence.CharacteristIcs of womenvIctImIZed by IntImates• In a comparison of white and blackwomen, white women were more likelyto be assaulted by spouses and exspouses(2.9 per 1,000 women), whileblack women were more likely to be victimsof boyfriends or ex-boyfrlGnds (4.1per 1,000 women) (table 9). The rateof victimization by other family memberswas almost the same for all races.• Hispanic and non-Hispanic women hadabout the same rate of violence betweenIntimates.• The victims of vIolence by a spouse orex-spouse were most likely to be age 20to 34, while the victims of boyfriends weremost likely to be age 16 to 24. Thoseunder 25 were more likely than those age25 or older to have been vIctIms of otherfamily members.• Separated or divorced women were14 tImes more likely than married womento report having been a victim of violenceby a spouse or ex-spouse. Althoughseparated or divorced women comprised10% of all women, they reported 75%of the spousal Violence.• Women living In families with lowIncomes were 3 times more likely to bevictims of domestic assault than thoseIn families with high Incomes.I' Unemployed women were more likely tobe victimized by their Intimates than werewomen who were employed, keepinghouse, attending school, retired, or unabletowor!

Characteristics of violenceby Intimates• In 21 % of the violent victimizationsby an Intimate, the offender used orshowed a weapon, compared to 33%of victimizations by strangers (table 10).The weapons of Intimates were aboutequally as likely to be guns, knives, andother objects used as weapons.• Spouses, ex-spouses, and boyfriendsphysically attacked their victim In over70% of th3 assaults; In the remainder theyattempted to attack or threatened violenceeither verbally or by showing a weapon(table 11). About 60% of tha assaultsby other family members were attacks.• OVer half of the victims of Intimateoffenders were injured - contrastedwith just under a quarter of the victimsof strangers. Almost 6 In 10 victims ofviolent spouses, ex-spouses a'ld boyfriendssuffered Injuries, while victims ofviolence by other family members or bynonlntlmate offenders were less likely tobe Injured (42% and 27%, respectively).• More than 85% of the Injured victimsof violence by Intimates reported that theInjuries were cuts, bruises, black eyes,and other such InJuries.Table 10. Weapons present In violentvictimizations of women, by vlctlmoffenderrelationshIp, 1979..a7Presence Percent of violentand typevictimizations of womenof weapon Total Intimate StrangerTotal 100% 100% 100%No weapon 64 76 54Did not knowif weaponwere present 8 3 12Weapon 28 21 33Gun 10 7 13Knife 7 6 9Other 9 7 10Type notascertained 2 2 2• In almost a quarter of the cases of violenceby an Intimate, the victim re~lvedmedical care. One In ten were treated Ina hospital or emergency room; about 1 In20, In a doctor's office; and about 1 In 10,at other places. Victims of violence bynonlntlmate offenders were less likelythan victims of Intimates to receive medicaltreatment (13% versus 23%).#• Four out of five victims of Intimateoffenders resisted the assault (table 12).They passively resisted -.trylng to gethelp, threatening or argUing, or using eva"slve action _. twice as often as they ac"tlvely resisted - using a weapon orfighting back.• Victims of violence by Intimates weremore likely to resist the offenders thanwere victims of other violent offenders(81 % versus 73%).Table 11. The nature of the violence, the kind of Injury, and the sIte of the medical CIU'8received by femaia Victims of vIolent crime, by vlctlm-offender relaUonshlp, 1979-87AllThreat 30% 29%Attack 70 71(njurt 54 56Minor 46 49Serious 7 6Medical care recelved b 23 23Doctor's office 4 4HospitaVemergency room 10 10Other places 9 9Note: Detail may not add to total because of round­Ing.·Serlous Injuries Include gunshot or knife wounds,broken bones, loss of teeth, Internellnjurles. loss ofconsciousness, and undetermined Injuries requiring2 or more days of hospitalization. Minor InjuriesIncluda bruises, blac\( eyes, cuts, scratches,swelling, and undetermined Injuries requiring lessViolence b:llnUmatesVlolanceSpouse or Other Boy- b:l nonlntlmatBsex-spouse family friend All Stranger40% 25% 52% 54%60 75 48 4642 58 27 2436 49 23 215 9 3 :319 27 13 124 4 2 29 11 6 77 11 5 4man 2 days of hospitalization.Medical care Is any care or treatment given forphysical Injuries by a trained medical provider, bya nonmedical person, or by the victim. If a victimreceives more than one type of medical care, she Isclassified as having received the most serious type.Table 12. Self-protectlV8 measures that female victims tookduring vlclent vlctlmlzaUons, by vlctim-offender relationship, 1979-87Violence bl! IntimatesViolenceSelf-protective Spousel Other Boy- b:l nanlntimateBmeasure All ex-spouse family friend Ali' StrangerTotal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Some reslstanca 81 81 76 84 73 71Active 22 19 22 27 17 15Passive 57 60 53 55 53 53Other 2 2 2 2 3 3No resistance 19 18 23 16 26 29••Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under aga 12. Detail may not addto total because of rounding. Categories ofweapon use are arrayed In perceived order of seriousness.For crimes in which offenders possessedmore than one type of weapon. the crimeIs classlfled by the most serious weapon present.Note: Detail may not add to total because ofrounding and omission of "don't know' and "notascertained" categories.'Includes violence by friends without an Intimaterelationship and by caslJal acquaIntances.•6 Female Victims of Violent Crime

••RapeRape for the NCS Is carnal knowledgethrough the use of force or the threat offorce, Including attempts. This definitionexcludes statutory rape. When a robberattempts to rape or rapes a victim, the offenseIs classHled asa rape. When anoffender assaults a woman and rapes orattempts to rape her, the offense Is classifiedas a rape, even If the victim Is Injuredor the offender carried a weapon.• An estimated 155,000 women wereraped each year between 1973 and 1987(table 13).3'The 95% confidence Interval Is approximately119,000 to 196,000 rapes per year. For further discussionof sampling error and measurement Issues,see Me/hodo/ogy(pages 14-15) and the boxes withIr:eclal Information on pages 1 and 10.Table 13, Number of crlme8, vIolent crImea, and rapeareported to the NCS, 1973-87• From 1973 to 1987 there were annually1.6 rapes pei 1,000 women age 12 orolder, meaning that 1 out of every 600women was a rape victim each year.• Rape and attempted rape are relativelyrare crimes compared to robbery and assault,arnountlng to less than 3% of allviolent crime measured by the NCS.When and where rapes occurredAnnual rate porNumber of Average 1,000 personsvictimizations annual nUMber age 12 or olderAll NCS crimes 589,974,400 98,991,600All violent crimes 96,711,900 6,447,500 35.4Repe 2,~15,200 167,700 .9Completed 892,200 55,500 .9Attemplsd 1,689,000 112,200 .6Female victims 2,917,900 154,500 1.6Completed 794,000 52,900 .6Attempllld 1,529,800 101,600 1.1Malevlctlms 197,900 19,200 .2Note: Detail may not add to total because ofrounding. Rates are calculated from unroundednumbers. Rates of victimization by rape for the• Almost two-thirds of rapes occurred atnight (table 14). Completed rapes weremore likely than attempted rapes to occurat night, particularly between midnight and6 a.m.• Most rapes occurred at home. Four Inten completed rapes took place at the victim'shome; 21n 10 occurred at or near afriend's home, and 2 in 10, on the street.sexes are based on the respective number of eachsex.• About 31n 10 attempted rapes tookplace at home; 21n 10 attempted rapesoccurred on the street, and about 1ln 10,at a friend's house.Table 14, When and where rape.of women occurred, by whether the rapewas completed 01' attempted, 197N7Ra!;!!! of womenTotal Comeleted AttemetedTim. of ooourreno.Total 100% 100% 100%Dawn 1· 1· 1·Day 31 25 94Dusk 9 2· 9Night 65 72 61Before midnight 94 99 94After midnight 90 96 26Don't know 1 9· 1·Place 01 occurrenceTotal 100% 100% 100%At or In own home 95 41 31Near own home 8 9· 10Ator nearfriend's home 15 19 12On the strtlet 20 18 21Inside commercialbuildings 4 2· 5On publictransporatlonIn parklng lotO· o· 1·or garage 6 5 7On school property 4 1· 5In a park 3 2· 4Other places 5 8 4Number 01victimizations 1,382,800 495,900 886,800Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Detail may not addto total because of rounding and omission of"don't know" and "not ascertained" categoriee."At or In own home" Includes vacation homes.'Too few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimate.•Completed and attempted rape8 reportad to the NCS,by vloUm-offender relationship, 1Q7N7.. Offenders who were Intimates completed the rape In half theattempts. Other men whom the victim knew completed about4 of 1 ° rape attempts; strangers, 3 of 10.RapeCompletedPercent of female rape or attempted ropevictims age 12 or older against whom thecrime was completed when the offElnder was:OtherTotal Intimate known Stranger36% 52% 38% 30%• Intima1es committed 14 of every 100 attempted or completedrapes; other men whom the victim knew or recognized,28 of 100; and strangers, 54 of 100. The offender was morelikely to be Intimately known to the victim In completed thanin attempted rapes.Raf?6TolsiCompletedAttemptedPercent of female rape victims age 12 or olderwhen the rapist or attempted rapist wes:OtherTotal Intimate known Stranger100%10010014%20iO28%292754%4658Female Victims of Vlo/ent Crime 7

•Characteristics of victimsof C1Jmplet8d or attempt8d rape• Black women were significantly morelikely to be raped than white women, althougha IfArger number of white womenthan the tCltal of black, American Indian,Aleut, EsV,lmo, Asian, and Pacific Islanderwomen were raped each year (table 16).• Hispanic and non-Hispanic women wereequally likely to be raped.• Women age 16 to 24 were 3 times moreUkely to be raped than other women. Thisage pattern was similar for black andwhite women.Avsrage annual rate of rapeper 1.000 women age 12 or olderAge Total White BlackTotal 1.612-15 2.316-19 4.820-24 4.1·25-34 2.335-49 .650-64 .265 or older .11.62.04.83.82.0.6,2.12.73.75.15.54.01.0.4.4• Women who were separated or divorcedor who had naver married were9 times more likely to be raped than thosewho were married or widowed.Table 15. Average annual rawof completed and attempted rape,bV .. Ieoted characterlltici of femalevictim I, 1 e73-87Average annui;! rateof rape per 1.000 womenage 12 or olderVictimCom- Attemptedcharacteristics Tolal pletedTolal 1.6 .6 1.1RaceWhiteBlackOthelrEthn!cltyHispanicNon-HispanicAge12-1516-1920-2425-3435-4950 or older1.52.71.81.51.62.34.84.12.3.6.2Marital statusMarried .5Widowed .4Separated/divorced 4.3Never married 3.5.51.2.9.5.6.71.71.3.8.2.1.1.11.71.2Note: Detall may not add to total becauseof rounding.1.01.5.91.01.11.63.12.71.4.4.1.4.32.62.3• Among women of different residentiallocalities, central city residents were themost likely to be raped; those who livedoutside the metropolitan area were theleast likely (table 16).• Women who rented were more likelythan those who owned their own homesto be raped.Table 16. Average annual rateof completed and attempted rape,by relldentlal, employment, and Incomecharacteristics of female Victims,1973-87Average annual rateof rape per 1.000women age 12 or olderCom- I\ttemp-Characteristics Tolal pleted tedTolal 1.6location of residenceCentral city 2.5Suburbs 1.4Nonmetropoillanarea 1.1Home ownershipOwned .8Rented 3.5Number of housing unitsOne 1.0Two-three 2.4Four or more 3.7Mobile home 2.0Other 8.4Number In householdOne 2.2Two 1.4Threa or more 1.6Employment status-Employed 1.7Unemployed 6.2Keeping house .8School 3.8Unable to work 1.3Retired.2'Armed Forces 1.6'Other 7.SFamily Income bLow 2.7Middle 1.2H~h .8Not reported 1.2-Less than 0.05.*Too few caser. to obtain a statistically reliableestimate;-Employment status data are based on responsesfrom persons age 16 or older. 1979 through thefourth collection quarter of 1985."The survey respondents with known family IncomeIn each year. 1979 throu9h 1987, were distributedalmost evenly to create the low, middle,and high. family Income categories..6.9.5.3.31.2.3.81.3.63.5.8.5.6.62.3.31.4.3.1'1.6'3.01.1.4.2.41.11.6.9.8.52.2.71.62.41.45.01.4.91.11.23.9.62.41.0.1'4.71.7.8.6.8• Women who lived In places like dormitories,halfway houses, and boardinghouses and thosa In apartment houseswith four or more units were more likelyto be raped than were other women.• Women who lived alone were morelikely to be raped than those who livedwith others.• Unemployed women were 3 times moreIIkelyto be raped, and students 1 1/2times more likely, than women overall.Those who were retired or keeping househad the lowest rates of rape.• About half of all rape victims and almostthree-quarters of black rape victims wereIn the lowest third of the Income distribUtion(table 17). Women In the low-Incomegroup were the most likely to be raped,and those In the top third, 15% of all victims,were the least likely.• Black women with low Incomes weremore likely to be raped than black womenwith middle or high Incomes; they werealso more likely to be raped than whitewomen In any Income category. Mlddleandupper-Income women of all races hadabout the same likelihood of being raped.Table 17. Average annual rateof rape, by femny Income andrace of female victim., 1e7G-87Average annual rateof rape per 1,000 womanFamilyage 12 or olderIncome Total White BlackTotalLowMiddleHighNot reportedTotalLowMiddleHighNot reported1.62.71.2.81.21.42.51.1.81.2Percent of femaleNCS respondents100%53231591000/.48251892.63.61.61.0 •1.7100%72155"7Number ofvictims 1.382.700 1.074,200 271,800Note: Detail may not add to total because ofrounding. Total Includes persons af other racesnol shown. The survey respondents with knownfamily Income In each year, 1979 through 1987.were distributed almost evenly til create the low,middle, and high family Income calegonet>.*Too few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimatEi.••8 Female VictIms of Violent Crime

•Reporting rape to the poll09• Of all attempted or completed rapes,53% were reported to the police (table18). Completed rapes and stranger rapeswere reported more frequently than attemptedrapes and those In which theoffender and victim knew each other.• When victims were Injured, police weremore likely to be Informed of the crime .Between 7 and 8 rapes out of ;0 In whichthe victim was seriously Injured were reportedto the police, possibly by medicalpersonnel. Less than half of the rapes Inwhich there was no physical Injury warereported.• Victims of completed rape mentionedthat they needed help after the Incidentmore frequently than did victims of attemptedrape (24% versus 9%). Thevictims of completed rape also cited pun­Ishing the offender more frequently thanthe victims of attempted rape (58% versus41%).••• The presence of a weapon Increasedthe likelihood of the crime being reportedto the pOlice. Approximately 7 In 10 rapeswere reported when the offender had hada weapon, and fewer than 5 In 10 whenthe rapist had been unarmed.Table 18. Reporting of raJ» of womento the pOlice, by characterlsUcsof the crime and the vlcUm, 1973-87Characteristics 01crime or victimAll rapesAttemptedCompietedVictim-offenderrelationshipNonstrangerStrangerAverageannualnumber 01rapes154,500101,60052,90058,80089,900Percent 01victimizationsreported tothe police53%505947%57Presence 01 weaponNo weapon 101,600 47%Weapon 36,500 71Presence of injuryNo injuryInjury'MinorSeriousRace of victimWhite,BlackOtherAge of victim12-1516-1920-2425-3435-4950-6465 or oiderMarital status of victimMarriedWidowedSeparated/divorcedNaver married93,90060,70041,20019,300121,40029,9003,20016,80037,60041,00041,60011,8003,8001,80027,1003,90036,50086,50048%61557452%565070%48485156745554%625153Note: Detail may not add to total because ofrounding and omission of "don't know" and "notascertained" categories.'See note on tabie 11 for definitions of seriousand minor injUries.• When rape victims themselves reportedthe crime to the pollee, the reason theycited most frequently to NCS Interviewerswas to prevent the rape from happeningagain (table 19). Of the rape victims, 60%mentioned prevention, 47% said theywanted to punish the offender, and 31 %said they wanted to stop the Incldant fromhappening.• When the police were not Informed of acompleted rape, victims gave three mainreasons to the NCS: They considered therape to be a private or personal matter ora matter that they wanted to resolve themselves(25%); they feared reprisal by theoffender, his family, or friends (23%); andthe pollee would be Inefficient, Ineffective,or Insensitive (23%) (table 20).Table 18, Reaaona why famale vlcUma of completed or attempted rapereported the crime to the pOlice, 1979-87Reasons forRae!! of womenreporting to the police Total Completed AttemptedTo keep incident from happening again 60%To punish the offender 47To stop incident from happening 31To fulfill a victim's duty 18To get heip after incident 15Because there was evidenceor proof 8To recover property 7Because it was a crime 5To collect insurance 2"Other reasons 11Number of victims, 1979-87 440,800Note: References to women include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Percentages add tomore than 100% because of rounding and becauss55% 63%58 4127 3214 1924 910 63' 98' 3'3" 1"9" 12160,400 280,500some respondents gave more than one reason.'Too few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimate.Table 20. Reasons why female vlcUms of completed or attompted rapedid not report the crime to the pOlice, 1979-87Reasons for notreporting to the policePrivate or personal matter or took care of it herselfAfraid of reprisal by offender or his family or friendsPolice would be inefficient, inaffective, or insensitiveLack of proof or no way to find offenderReported to someone elsePolice wouldn't think it important enoughDid not think it important enoughOffender was unsuccessfulProperty wouid be difficuit to recoverDid not want to take the time or too inconvenientDid not realize it was a crime until laterOther reasonsNumber of victims, 1979-87Note: References to women inciude adoiescentsbut not children under age 12. Percentages add tomore than 100% because of rounding and becauseRae!! of womenTotal Completed Attempted26% 25% 27%17 23 1416 23 1312 7' 1410 7" 117 5' 85 l' 65 0 7l' 3' 0'l' l' 2'1" 1" 0'30 39 25638,900 204,500 434,400some respondents 9ave more than one reason."Too few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimate.Female Victims of Violent Crime 9

Character/stics of offenders• In about 9 out of 10 rapes there wasone victim; In about 8 out of 10, oneoffender. In almost 81n 10 rapes, onGoffender confronted one victim. In about12%, more than one offender attackedone vlctlm. In about 8% of all rapes, morethan one victim was present, with at leastone being raped.Table 21. Race of o~nders. by raceof female victims of rape. 1973-87Race ofoffenderSIngleoffendll'TotalWhiteBlackOtherNumberof rapesMultipleoffend.,.TotalWhiteBlackOtherMixedNumberof rapesRace of femllle victimTotal White Black100%60325100% 100%732059843 a1,927,200 1,514,800 368,100100% 100% 100%41 49 13 a38 29 726 6 4 a13 14 8 a365,200 287,400 73,500Note: Total number of vl

••• Offenders who committed rape In agroup tended to be younger than lonerapists, according to victims' reports. Inrapes with one offender, fewer than 2 In10 offenders were under age 21. In rapeswith two or more offenders, 31n 10 rapistswere under 21.• In attempted or completed rapes withone victim and one offender, victimstended to be about the same age as theiroffenders (table 24). More than 6 in 10 ofthe victims of an offender under age 21were age 19. or younger. About 3 in 10Table 24. Age of female victims of rapewith cn~ victim and one offender,by age of offender, 1979-87AS!! of offenderAge 20 or 30 orof victim younger 21-29 olderTotal 100% 100% 100%12-15 27 7 616-19 36 22 1720-24 21 37 1925-34 12 25 4135-49 3' 7 1350-64 1 ' 1 ' 3'65 or older 0 1 ' 1 ~NumberOfrapQ8 207,100 504,300 428,600-Too few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimate.victims were age 19 or younger when theoffender was between age 21 and 29,and about 61n 10 of the victims were age20 to 34. When the offender was 30 orolder, 2 In 10 victims were under age 21,and almost 6 In 10 were age 25 or older.• Most offenders were unarmed. A fourthof all rapists showed weapons (table 25).A tenth of the victims were unsure whethera weapon was present.• Weapons were more likely to be presentIn completed rapes than in rape attempts.About the same percentage of offenderscarried knives as carried guns.Table 26. Whether the rape wascompleted or attempted, by whetherfemale Victims took self-protectlvemeasures, 1973-87SelfprotectivemeasureNumber Raee of womenof Com- AttempvictimsTotal eleted tedAll victims 2,317,900 100% 34% aa%Victims whotook selfprotectivemeasures 1,920,000 100Victims whotook noself-protectivemeasure 397,800 10029 7160 40• Most rape victims (about 81n 10) tried toprotect themselves (table 26). Thoseusing self-protection were less likely to bevictims of a completed rape than thosenot taking a self-protective measure.• When victims were attacked and werethereby put at risk of Injury, victims whotried to protect themselves were morelikely to be Injured (58%) than were thosewho took no measure (46%) (table 27).• Thirty percent of rape victims werethreatened either with a weapon or verbally(table 28). About 45% of the victimsof r,ape attempts were threatened; 55%were attacked. By definition, a completedrape Is considered an attack.• Victims of completed rapes were morelikely to be Injured than victims of rape attempts.Almost 60% of the victims ofcompleted rape were Injured: 14% seriouslyand 44% with minor Injuries. Thesevictims were more likely than victims ofrape attempts to receive medical care.• More than half of the victims of a completedrape received medical care forrape or Injury; about a tenth of the victimsof rape attempts received medical care.About 4 In 10 victims of a completed rapewere treated In a hospital or emergencyroom, compared to fewer than 1 In 10 victimsof attempted rape.•Tabie 25. Weapon present In rapeof women, by whether the rape wallcompleted or attempted, 1973-87PresenceR!lee of womenofwe!!E!!n Total Comeleted AttemetedTotal 100% 100% 100%No weapon 66 61 68Did not know Ifoffender hada weapon 10 7 11Weapon 24 31 21Gun 9 13 6Knife 11 14 9Other 4 3 5Type unknown 1 1 1Numberof rapes 2,317,900 794,000 1,523,800Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Detail may not addto total because of rounding. See note on table1 0 for categories of weapon use.Table 27. Whether female victims ofrape were Injured, by whether theytook _If-protectlve measures, 1"73-87SelfprotectivemeasureNumberofvictimsRaee of womenIn- Unln-Total Jured luredAll victims 1,625,200 100% 56% 44%Victims whotook selfprotectivemeasures 1,340,900 100Victims whotook noself-protectivemeasure 284,200 10058 4246 54Note: References to women include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Excludes 693,000female victims of verballhreats of rape without aphysical attack. Injury means Injury In addition tott.e rape or the attempted rape Itself. Detail maynot add to total because of rounding.Table 28. Injury and medical carereceived by female victims ofcompleted or attempted rape, 1"73-87TotalRaee of womenComeleted AttemetedTotal 100% 100% 100%Threat 30 0 45Attack 70 100 55No Injury 31 42 25Injury 39 58 30Minor 32 44 26Serious 7 14 4Medical carereceived 27 55 12Emergencyroomlhospltal 18 40 7Other places 8 15 5Numberofrapes 2,317,900 794,000 1,523,800Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Detail may not addto total because of rounding.Female Victims of Violent Crime 11

•Comparison of rape by a nonstrangerand by a stranger• Nonstranger rape usually occurred inthe victim's home (48%) or In or near afriend's home (24%) (table 29). About 3In 10 rapes by strangers occurred on thestreet; about 2 In 10, at the victim's home.Table 2G. Incident characterlaticsof rape of women, by whether offenderwae a nonatranger or a stranger,1G73-87Incident Ra~ of women b~ a:characteristicNonstranger StrangerPlace of occllmlnce aTotal 100% 100%At or in own home 48 22Near own home 6 9At, In, or near friend's home 24 9On the street 6 31Inside commercialbuildings 3 5On public transportation o· o·In parking lot or garage 3· 10On school property 4 4In a park 3· 4Other places 4 6PreHnce and type of weapon bTotal 100% 100%No weapon 81 58Old not know Ifoffender had a weapon 4 13Weapon 15 30Gun 4 11Knife 6 13Other 4 4Type not ascertained 1 158ft'protectlve ITIINISUI'IIIIVictims who tried toprotect themselves 67% 82%Used weapon 1 2Used physical force 36 29Tried to get help 40 36Threatened or argued 41 33Resisted without force 28 31Other 6 9Numberof rapes 881,300 1,348,700• Offenders were less likely to have aweapon when their Victims were knownthan when they were strangers. Stranogers, who were more likely to have aweapon than nonstrangers, were espe·clally more likely to have guns or knives.• Victims of nonstrangers tried to protectthemselves about as often as victims ofstrangers; that Is, they were as likely tothreaten, argue With, or try to reason withthe offender and to use physical force, hit,chase, or throw objects when they knewtheir offender as when they did not.• When rape victims knew their offenders,they were about as likely to be Injured asvictims of strangers (table 30). Just overa quarter of victims received medicalcare, whether or not the victim knew theoffender.• Nonstranger rapes were more likelythan rapes by strangers to be committedby one offender (table 31). Nine out often nonstranger rapes were committed byone offender, while 8 out of 10 rapes bya stranger had a lone offender. In about9 rapes In 10 the victim was alone, reoTable 30. Injury and medlcsl carereceIved by female victims of rape,by whether offender was a nonstrangeror a atranger, 1973-87IncidentcharacteristicInjuryTotalNo InJuryInjury •MinorSeriousMedical care received'TotalRape of women by a:Nonstranger Stranger100%5743367100%No medical care 73Medical care 27Emergency room or hospital 16Other places 10100%6238317100%7426197gardless of whethei the offender wasa nonstranger or a wanger,Numberof victimsOneTwo or moreRape of women by a:Nonstranger Stranger93%790%9• White rapists comprised 69% of thosewho knew their victim and 51 % of thosewho were strangers to their victim.• The ages of offenders were not differentfor the two different types of rape -stranger and acquaintance rapes. Aboutthree·fourths of .each type were commit·ted by men over age 20.Table 31. Characteristics of offendersIn rape of women, by whether offenderwas a non stranger or a stranger,1973-87Characteristicof offendersNumber of offende/'eTotal rapeOneTwo or moreRace of offenderaTotal rapeWhiteBIEIckOtherMixedAge of offenderaTotal rape20 or under21 or olderMixedNumberof rapesRa~ of women by a:Nonstranger Stranger100%8911100%692462100%8119100%513952100% 100%22 1874 753 3881,300 1.348,700Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Detail may not addto total because of rounding and omission of "don'tknow" and "not ascertained" categories.•Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Percentages maynot add to total because of rounding and omissionof "don't know" and "not ascertained" categories."-00 few cases to obtain a statistically reliableestimate.-Cala for place of occurrence are from 1979 toJ~::'note on lab Ie 10 for categories of weaponuse.Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Detail may not addto total because of rounding.·See note on table 11 for definitions of seriousand minor Injuries and medical care.•12 Female Victims of Violent Crime

•• Rapes committed by strangers were Table 32. Female victims' reportingmore likely to be reported to the police rape to the police, by whether thethan rapes by nonstrangers (table 32). offender was a nonstranger ora Btranger, 1973-87• Rapes from which physical Injury re-Incident Ra2e of women b~ a:suited were more likely to be rgported tocharacteristic Nonstranger Strangerthe police than rapes without Injur/. Ofthe rapes by nonstrangers, 41 % without Victim reported rapeInjury and 52% with Injury were reported to thl polloi whln:to the police; of the rapes by strangers,59% without Injury and 67% InvolvingAll vlctlmlzat!one 47% 57%som9 Injury were reported to law Weapon was present 67 71authorities. Weapon was absent 43 51•saultOffender threatened only 47 43Attack without Injury 41 59• The more serious thalnjury, the higherthe likelihood of the rape's having been Attack with Injury 52 67reported to the police. Among seriously Minor 47 61Serious 64 82Injured victims, 64% of the women rapedby someone whom they knew and 82% of Reatone for not reportingthe women raped by a stranger said that the rape to the police"the crime was reported. Comparable re-Private or personal matterporting percentages for women who were or took care of It herself 41% 13%robbed by a stranger were 100% of the Afraid of reprisal by offenderwomen Injured In a serious assault versus or his family or friends 22 1484% of the women Injured In a minor as.; Pollee would be Inefficient,uleffective, or Insensitive 17 16and 73% of the uninjured women.Lack of proof or no wayto find offender 5 18• The opinion that the rape was a per- Reported to someone else 10 11Pollee wouldn't think Itsonal or private matter was the most com-Important enough 6 7man reason for not reporting given by . Object WIIS recovered orwomsn victimized by someone whom offender was unsuccessful 4 6they knew. Forty-one percent gave that Old not think Itreason, compared to 13% of the nonre-Important enough 8Did not want to takeporting victims of rape by a. stranger. the time or too Inconvenient 2Did not realize it was a crime• Women raped by someone whom theyuntlilater 0 1Othe;r reasons 28 29knew cited, among other specific reasonsfor not reporting to the police, fear of RNlonl for reportingreprisal (22%) and belief that the police the rape to the policewould be Inefficient (17%). Among theTo keep Incldantwomen raped by strangers, the reasonsfrom happening again 60% 62%for not reporting Included the following: To punish the offender 44 51lack of proof (18%), belief that the police To stop Incidentwould be Ineffective (16%), and fear of from happening 34 29reprisal (14%).To fulfill a victim's duty 14 21To get help after Incloent 17 14Because there was4Crlmlnal Victimization In the Unlled Sialas, 1987, evidence or proof 8 8BJS, NCJ-115524, June 1989.To recover property 4 8Because It was a crime ~ 4To collect Insurance 2 2Other reasons 9 11Numberofrapes 881,300 1,348,700•Note: References to women Include adolescentsbut not children under age 12. Data for reasonsfor reporting or not reporting to the police are f;om1979 to 1987."'Property difficult to recover" received less than0.5% and Is omitt!ld.Female Victims of Violent Crime 13

•-MethodologyLocation of resIdenceA metropolitan area Is a county or countiesthat contain a city or cities having atleast 50,000 total population. A centralcity Is the largest clty of a metropolitanarea. A sl.lburban area Is the portion outsidethe central city. Nonmetropolltanareas Include rural areas and cities offewer than 50,000.Sample .descrlptlonData for the National Crime Survey (NCS)are drawn from a nationally representativesample of the U.S. population. The sampleIncludes resident Inhabitants of theUnited States as weI! as persons residingIn group quarters such as dormitories,rooming houses, religious groupdwellings, and shelters. Excluded arecrew members of merchant vessels;• Armed Forces personnel living In militarybarracks; Institutionalized persons, suchas correctional facility Inmates; AMericansliving abroad; and foreign visitors. Thesample Is a stratified, multistage clusterdesign. Sample size during the period1973 to 1987 ranged from 49,000 to62,000 households and 100,000 to137,000 Individuals Interviewed fromthose housing units.For each dwelling unit selected for thesample, all persons age 12 or older are IncludedIn the survey. From 1973 untilJuly 1986, 12- and 13-year-old samplemembers were Interviewed through aproxy, who was required to be anotherknowledgeable household member.Since July 1986, 12- and 13-year-oldshave been Interviewed directly. Personsresiding In the dwelling unit are Interviewed7 times at 6-month Intervals. IndividualsIn a sixth of the dwelling units areInterviewed each month during a a-monthperiod.A basic screen questionnaire and a crimeIncident report are used to elicit Informationon the relevant crimes committedagainst any members of the householdage 12 or older. The Initial Interview Isdesigned to screen for all Instances ofvictimization before details of any speclflcIncident are collected. In the screenquestions respondents are asked If theywere attacked or threatened but not directlyasked If they have been raped.Nor are they told that threats or attacks bytheir Intimates are germane to the survey.Only If a respondent volunteers that sheor he has been raped or threatened withrape Is the Incident so classified.When a dwelling unit first falls Into thesample, Interviews are conducted In personalvisits, although Interviewers are permittedto use telephones to completeInterviews With some members of a .household after the first contact Is made.Prior to February 1980 the secondthrough seventh Interviews were alsoconducted In the same manner. Sincethat date t&lephone Interviewing hasIncreased. The first and fifth Interviewsare stili conducted primarily In person,with telephone followup permitted. Theremaining Interviews are conductedInsofar as possible by telephone. Faceto-faceIntervIews are often conductedwith other family members present. Consequently,If offender and victIm reside Inthe same household, It may not be .possible for the victim to relate hIs or herexperience because of the presence ofthe offender. In telephone Interviews theInterviewer has no way of knowing If ahousehold member's responses are beIngmonitored.Data for this report Include series crimes,that Is, three or more criminal events thatare similar If not Identical In nature and Incurredby Individuals who are unable toIdentify separately the detalls of each actor recount accurately the total number ofsuch acts. Each series Incident wascounted as one Incident.•Appendix table. Rate of victimization from selected vIolent crimeaper 1,000 persona age 12 or older, by sex and year, 1(173-87Violent crime victimizations ~er 1 1000 ~ersons aile 12 or olderTotal violent R!!E!! Robbe~ AIlGravated assault SlmE!le assaultYear Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Mala Female1973 48.2 23.9 .1 1.9 10.3 4.0 16.6 5.9 21.3 12.11974 49.0 23.7 0 1.9 10.7 4.5 16.9 5.7 21.3 11.51975 47.0 24.5 .1 1.7 10.0 4.2 '15.1 5.7 21.7 13.01976 46.9 25.2 .2 1.5 9.5 4.2 15.3 6.1 21.9 13.41977 50.4 25.0 .1 1.7 9.0 4.1 16.2 5.4 25.0 13.81978 49.S 25.1 .2 1.8 8.7 3.9 15.7 5.7 25.0 13.81979 50.7 27.5 .2 1.9 9.0 4.1 16.8 6.3 24.S 15.31980 49.3 25.2 .3 1.7 9.2 4.4 15.S 5.7 24.0 13.51981 51.1 28.3 .1 1.8 10.2 5.3 15.8 6.4 25.0 14.81982 49.0 28.3 .1 1.5 9.6 5.1 15.1 6.2 24.2 15.51983 45.0 25.1 .2 1.5 8.3 4.0 13.4 5.2 23.2 14.41984 42.8 25.9 .2 1.7 7.9 4.1 13.4 5.8 21.4 14.31985 41.5 24.0 .1 1.4 7.1 3.7 12.7 5.1 21.6 13.81986 38.5 24.1 .1 1.3 6.7 4.2 12.4 4.9 19.3 13.71987 38.7 24.0 .1 1.3 6.8 4.1 12.1 4.7 19.8 13.8•14 Female Victims of Violent Crime>

•Standard errors•The standard error of a survey estimate Isa measure of the variation among the; estimatesfrom all possible samples and,therefore, a measure of the precision withwhich the estimate from a particular sampleapproximates the average result of aI/possible samples. The estimate and Itsassociated standard error may be used toconstruct a confidence Interval, that Is, anInterval having a prescribed probabilitythat It would Include the average result ofall possible samples. Relationships describedIn this report are generally significantat the 95% level, meaning that theohances are 95 out of 100 that the Intervalprescribed by 2 standard errors around avalue would Include the average result ofall possible samples. If a relationship Isqualified by such phrases as "some Indication"or "somewhat likely," the statementhad a level of significance between1.6 and 2.0 standard errors, or a 90%lavel.Availability of data setsDa1a utilized In this report are availablefrom the National Archive of Criminal JusticeData at the University of Michigan,800-999-0960. The data sets arearchived as the National Crime Surveys:nat/onal sample, 1973-1983 (completesample) (ICPSR 7635); national sample,1973-1983 (Incident-level file) (ICPSR7635); and national sample, 1979-1987(revised questionnaire) (ICPSR 8608).•Female Victims of Violent Crime 15

Bureau ofJustice StatisticsAnnounces theJustice StatisticsClearinghouse•The Bureau of Justice Statistics(BJS), in conjunction with the NationalCriminal Justice ReferenceService (NCJRS), announces theestablishment of the Justice StatisticsClearinghouse. The Clearinghouse'stoll-free number is:800-732-3277Persons from Mary land and theWashington, D.C., metropolitanarea should call 301-251-5500.• Suggesting refenals to othersources for criminal justice statistics.If the Clearinghouse doesn'thave the answer, an informationspecialist will refer you to agenciesor individuals who do.•Services of the newly created Clearinghouseinclude:• Responding to statistical requests.How many rapes are reportedto the police? How manyburglaries occurred in 1984? Callthe Clearinghouse, toll free.• Providing information aboutBJS se;rvices. Interested in receivingBJS documents and products?Register with the BJS mailing listby calling the Clearinghouse, tollfree.• Conducting custom literaturesearches of the NCJRS documentdata base. We can search theNCJRS data base and provide topicalbibliographic citations andabstracts to answer specific requests.• Collecting statistical reports.The Clearinghouse collects statisticalreports from numerous sources.Submit statistical documents toshare with criminal justice colleaguesto: NCJRS, Attention BJSAcquisition, Box 6000, Rockville,MD 20850.You have 24-hour access to theJustice Statistics Clearinghouse.From 8:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. EST,weekdays, an information specialistis available. After work hours, youmay record your orders or leave amessage for an information specialistto return your call.•

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Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI..-1106 (toll·free 1-800·999·0960).Watlonal Crime Survey•The Nation's two crime measures: UniformCrime Reports and the National CrimeSurvey, NCJ·122705, 4190Criminal vlctlm.lzatlon In the U.S.:1988 (final), NCJ·122024, 101901987 (final report), NCJ·115524, 6189BJS specIal reportsHandgun crime vlcllms, NCJ·123559, 7/90Black victims, NCJ·122562, 4/90Hispanic victims, NCJ·120507, 1/90The redesigned Natlonat Crime Survey:Selected new data, NCJ·114746, 1/89Motor vehicle theft, NCJ·l09978, 3/88Elderly victims, NCJ·l07676, 11/87Violent crime trends, NCJ·l07217, 11/87Robbery victims NCJ·l04638, 4187Violent crime by strangers and non·strangers, NCJ·l03702, 1/87Preventing domesllc violence againstwomen, NCJ·l02037, 8186Crime prevention measures, NCJ·l00438,3'86The use of weapons In committing crimes,NCJ·99843, 1'86Reporting crimes to the police, NCJ·99432,12185Locating city, suburban, and rural crime,NCJ·99535, 12185The economic cost of crime to vlct!ms,NCJ·93450, 4'84Family violence, NCJ·93449, 4'84BJS bulletins:Criminal vlcllmlzatlon 1989, NCJ·125615,10/90Crime and the Nation's households, 1989,NCJ·124544, 9'90The crime of rape, NCJ·96777, 3'85Household burglary, NCJ·96021, 1'85Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2181technlc~1 reportsew directions for the NCS, NCJ·115571,3/89Series crimes: Report of a field test,NCJ·l04615, 4/87«U.S. G.P.O. 1991-232-055140019Female victims of violent crime,NCJ·127187, 1/91Redesign 01 the National Crime Survoy,NCJ·111457,3'89The seasonality of crime victimization,NCJ·111033,6'88Crime and older Americans Informationpackage, NCJ·l04569, $10, 5'87Teenage victims, NCJ·l03138, 12186Victimization and fear of crime: Worldperspectives, NCJ·93872, 1/85, $9.15The National Crime Survey: Working papers,vol. I: Current and historical perspectives,NCJ·75374, 8'82vol. II: Methodology studies, NCJ·90307CorrectionsBJS bulletins and specIal reporls:Capital punishment 1989, NCJ·124545, 10/90Violent State prlaon Inmates and theirvictims, NCJ·124133, 7/90Prisoners In 1989, NCJ·122716, 5'90Prison rule violators, NCJ·120344, 12189Capital punishment 1988, NCJ·118313, 7/89Recidivism of prisoners released In 1983,NCJ·116261,4/89Drug use and crime: State prison Inmatesurvey, 1986, NCJ·111940, 7/88Time served In prison and on parole 1984,NCJ·l0B544, 12187Profile of State prison Inmates, 1986,NCJ·l09926, 1/88Imprisonment In four countries,NCJ·l03967, 2187Population density In State prisons,NCJ·l03204, 12186State and Federal prisoners, 1925·85,NCJ-l02494, 11186Prison admissions and releases, 1983,NCJ·l00582,3,86The prevalence of ImprIsonment,NCJ·93657, 7/85Nallonal correc\lons reporting program,1985, NCJ·123522, 12190Prisoners at mldyeer 1990 (press release),10'90Correctional popUlations In the U.S.:1987, NCJ·118762, 121891986, NCJ·111611, 21891985, NCJ-l03957, 2188Historical stallstics on prisoners In State andFederal Institutions, yearend 1925-86,NCJ·l11098,6'881984 census of State adult correctionalfacilities, NCJ·l05585, 7/87Census of falls and survey of fall Inmates:BJS bulletins hnd spec'al reports:Jail Inmates, 1989, NCJ-123284' 6190Population density In local jails, 1988,NCJ·122299, 3190Census of local jails, 1988 (BJS bUiletin),NCJ·121101,2190Jail Inmates, 1987, NCJ·114319, 12188Drunk driving, NCJ·l09945, 2188Jail Inmates, 1986, NCJ·l07123, 10'87The 1983 jail census, NCJ·95536, 11/84Census of local jails, 1983: Data forIndividual jails, vols. I·IV, Northeast,Midwest, South, West, NCJ·112796·9;vol. V. Selected findings, methodology,summary tables,· NCJ.112795, 11'88Our crowded jails: A national pilght,NCJ·111846, 8188Parole and probationBJS bulletinsProbation lind parole:1989, NCJ·125833, 111901988, NCJ·119970, 11/89Selling prison terms, NCJ·76218, 8'83BJS specIal reportsRecidivism of young parolees, NCJ·l04916,5/87Children in custodyCensus of public and private juveniledetenllon, correctional, and shelterfacilities, 1975·85, NCJ·114065, 6/89Survey of youth In custody, 1987(speCial report), NCJ·113365, 9'88Public juvenile facilities, 1985(bulletin), NCJ·102457, 10'86Law enforcement managementBJS bUlletins and specIal reporls:Police departments In larg9 cilles, 1987,NCJ·119220, BlB9Profile of state and local law entorcementIIgencles, NCJ·113949, 3189Expenditure and employmentBJS bulletins:Justice expenditure and employment:1988, NCJ·123132, 7/901985, NCJ·l04460, 3'871983, NCJ·l01776, 7'86Anti·drug abuse formUla grants: Justicevariable pass·through data, 1988 (BJSTechnical Report), NCJ·120070, 3'90Justice expenditure and employment:1985 (full report), NCJ·l06356, 8'89ExtrBcts, 1982 and 1983, NCJ·l06629, 8'88CourtsBJS bullellns:Felony sentences In State courts, 1988,NCJ·126923, 12190Criminal delense for the poor, 1986,NCJ·112919, 9/88State felony courts and felony laws,NCJ·l06273, Bl87The growth of appeals: 1973·83 trends,NCJ·96381, 2185Case filings In State courts 1983,NCJ·95111,l0/84BJS specIal reports:Felony case processing In State courts,1986, NCJ·121753, 2190Felony case·procosslng time, NCJ·l01985,8'86Felony sentencing In 18 local jurisdictions,NCJ·97881,6'85Felons sentenced to probation In Statecourts, 1986, NCJ.124944, 11190Felony defendants In large urban counties,1988, NCJ·122385, 4'90Protllo of felons convicted In State courts,1986, NCJ·120021, 1/90. Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony courts,NCJ·l05743,8'87National criminal defense systems study,NCJ.94702, 10'86The prosecution of felony arrests:1987, NCJ·124140, 9'901986, NCJ·113248, 61891982, NCJ·l06990, 5/88Felony laws of the 50 States and the Districtof Columbia, 11.86, NCJ·l05066, 2188, $14.60State court model statistical dictionary,Supplement, NCJ·98326, 9'851st edilion, NCJ-62320. 9'80Privacy and securityCompendium of State privacy and securitylegislation:1989 overview, NCJ·121157, 5'901987 overview, NCJ·lll097, 9'881989 full report (1, 500 pages,microfiche $2, hard copy $145),NCJ·121158,9190Criminal justice Information polley:Original records of entry, NCJ·125626,12/90BJS/SEARCH conference proceedings:Crlmlnat justice In the 1990's: The lulureof Information management,NCJ·121697, 5'90Juvenile and adult records: One system,one record?, NCJ-114947, 1190Open vs. confidential records,NCJ·113560, 1/88Strategies for Improving data quality,NCJ·115339,5'89Public access to criminal history recordInformation, NCJ·111458, 11/88Juvenile records and rooordkeepingsystems, NCJ·112815, 11'88Automated fingerprint Identificationsystems: Technology and policy Issues,NCJ·l04342, 4'87Criminal justice "hoI" files, NCJ.l01850,12186Crime control and criminal records (BJSspecial report), NCJ·99176, 10/85Drugs & crime data:State drug resources: A national directory,NCJ·122582,5'90Federal drug dala for national polley, NCJ·122715,4190Drugs and crime lacts, 1989, NCJ·121022,1'90Computer crimeBJS specia' reports:Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ·96666,3'85Electronic fund Iransfer and crime, NCJ·92650,2184Electronic fund transfer systems fraud, NCJ·100461,4186Electronic fund transfer systems and crime,NCJ·83736, 9'82Expert witness manual, NCJ·77927, 9'81,$11,50Federal Justice statisticsFederal criminal case processing, 1980·87,Addendum for 1988 and preliminary 1989,NCJ·125616, 11190Compendium of Federal justice statistics1986, NCJ·125617, 1/911985, NCJ·123560, 8'901984, NCJ·112816, 9'89The Federal civil Justice system (BJSbulletin), NCJ·l04769, 8'B7Federal offenses and offendersBJS specIal reports:Immigration offenses, NCJ·124546, 8'90Federal criminal cases, 1980·87,NCJ·118311,7/89Drug law violators, 1980'86, NCJ 111763,6'88Pretrial release end detention:The Ball Reform Act of 1984,NCJ·l09929, 2188Whlte·collar crime NCJ·l06876, 9'87Prot rial release and misconduct,NCJ·96132, 1185GeneralBJS bulletins and specIal reporls:BJS telephone contacts, '91, NCJ·124547,1191Tracking offenders, 1987, NCJ·125315,10'90Criminal cases In live states, 1983-86,NCJ·118798,9/89International crime rates, NCJ·ll0776, 5/88Tracking offenders, 1984, NCJ·l09886, 1188Tracking offenders: Whlte·collar crime,NCJ-l02867, 11186Police employment and expenditure,NCJ·l00117, 2186BJS dala report, 1989, NCJ·121514, 1'91Sourcebook of crlmlnltl justice statistics,1989, NCJ·124224, £1/90Publications of BJS, 1985-89:Microfiche IIbmry, PR030014, 5'90, $190Bibliography, 1B0030013, $17.50Publications of BJS, 1971·84:Microfiche library, PR030012, $203Bibliography, TB030012, $17.501990 directory of automated criminal justiceInformation systems, Vol. I, Corrections; 2,Courls; 3, Law enforcement; 4, Probationand parole; 5, Prosecution; NCJ·122226·30,5190BJS annual report, fiscal 1988, NCJ·115749,4/89Report to the Nation on crime and justice:Second edition, NCJ·l05506, 6'88Technical appendix, NCJ·112011. 8188Criminal justice microcomputer guide andsoftware calalog. 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