Characteristics of Households - Childinfo.org

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Early MarriageMarriage before the age of 18 is a reality for many younggirls. According to UNICEF’s worldwide estimates, over 64million women aged 20–24 were married/in union beforethe age of 18. Factors that influence child marriage ratesinclude: the state of the country’s civil registration system,which provides proof of age for children; the existence ofan adequate legislative framework with an accompanyingenforcement mechanism to address cases of childmarriage; and the existence of customary or religiouslaws that condone the practice.In many parts of the world parents encourage the marriageof their daughters while they are still children in the hopethat the marriage will benefit them financially and socially,while also relieving financial burdens on the family. Inactual fact, child marriage is a violation of human rights,compromising girls’ development and often resulting inearly pregnancy and social isolation, with little educationand poor vocational training reinforcing the genderednature of poverty. The right to ‘free and full’ consent toa marriage is recognized in the Universal Declarationof Human Rights — with the recognition that consentcannot be ‘free and full’ when one of the parties involvedis not sufficiently mature to make an informed decisionabout a life partner.The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms ofDiscrimination against Women mentions the right toprotection from child marriage in Article 16, whichstates: “The betrothal and the marriage of a child shallhave no legal effect, and all necessary action, includinglegislation, shall be taken to specify a minimum age formarriage...”. While marriage is not considered directly inthe Convention on the Rights of the Child, child marriageis linked to other rights — such as the right to expresstheir views freely, the right to protection from all formsof abuse, and the right to be protected from harmfultraditional practices — and is frequently addressed bythe Committee on the Rights of the Child.In Serbia, according to the Family Law, marriage is notallowed before the age of 19. However, under specialcircumstances marriage is allowed after the age of 16.Young married girls are a unique, though often invisible,group. Required to perform heavy amounts of domesticwork, under pressure to demonstrate fertility, andresponsible for raising children while still childrenthemselves, married girls and child-mothers faceconstrained decision-making and reduced life choices.Boys are also affected by child marriage but the issueimpacts on far larger numbers of girls and impacts onthem with more intensity. Cohabitation — when a couplelives together as if married — raises the same humanrights concerns as marriage. Where a girl lives with a manand takes on the role of caregiver for him, the assumptionis often that she has become an adult woman, even if shehas not yet reached the age of 18. Additional concernsdue to the informality of the relationship — for example,inheritance, citizenship and social recognition — mightmake girls in informal unions vulnerable in different waysthan those who are in formally recognized marriages.Research suggests that many factors interact to place achild at risk of marriage. Poverty, protection of girls, familyhonour and the provision of stability during unstable socialperiods are considered as significant factors in determininga girl’s risk of becoming married while still a child. Womenwho married at younger ages were more likely to believethat it is sometimes acceptable for a husband to beat hiswife and were more likely to experience domestic violencethemselves. The age gap between partners is thought tocontribute to these abusive power dynamics and to increasethe risk of untimely widowhood.Closely related to the issue of child marriage is the ageat which girls become sexually active. Women who aremarried before the age of 18 tend to have more childrenthan those who marry later in life. Pregnancy relateddeaths are known to be a leading cause of mortality forboth married and unmarried girls between the agesof 15 and 19, particularly among the youngest. Thereis evidence to suggest that girls who marry at a youngage are more likely to marry older men. The demandfor a young wife to reproduce and the power imbalanceresulting from the age differential leads to very lowcondom use among such couples.176MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY 2010
Two indicators are the estimated percentage of womenmarried before 15 years of age and the percentage marriedbefore 18 years of age. The percentage of women andmen married at various ages is provided in Tables CP.3and CP.3M. Less than 1 percent of women aged 20–49were married before 15 and 8 percent of them marriedbefore 18. About one in twenty young women aged 15–19years are currently married or in union (5 percent). Thisproportion does not vary much between urban (4 percent)and rural areas (8 percent), but is strongly related to thelevel of education and socio-economic status. Comparingearly marriages for women and men aged between 15–29years in Serbia, seems to evidence that more women thanmen get married before 15 or 18.Table CP.3: Early marriage, Serbia, 2010Percentage of women age 15–49 years who first married or entered a marital union before their 15 th birthday,percentages of women age 20–49 years who first married or entered a marital union before their 15 th and 18 thbirthdays, percentage of women age 15–19 years currently married or in unionPercentagemarried beforeage 15 1Number ofwomen age15–49 yearsPercentagemarried beforeage 15Percentagemarried beforeage 18 2Number ofwomen age20–49 yearsPercentage ofwomen 15–19 yearscurrently married/inunion 3Number ofwomen age15–19 yearsRegionBelgrade 1.0 1142 .8 3.2 1021 6.8 121Vojvodina .8 1376 .8 7.7 1193 5.3 183Sumadija and Western Serbia .6 1517 .7 9.3 1309 3.9 208Southern and Eastern Serbia 1.0 1351 1.1 9.8 1204 5.8 147AreaUrban .7 3155 .6 4.5 2767 3.7 388Rural 1.1 2230 1.2 12.3 1959 7.5 271Age15–19 .9 659 na na na 5.2 65920–24 .9 705 .9 5.0 705 na na25–29 .3 846 .3 4.4 846 na na15–29 .7 2210 .6 4.7 1551 5.2 65930–34 .5 775 .5 4.6 775 na na35–39 .8 791 .8 10.5 791 na na40–44 1.0 703 1.0 10.5 703 na na45–49 1.4 905 1.4 11.1 905 na naEducationPrimary 4.1 704 3.6 32.5 649 39.6 55Secondary .3 3067 .3 5.2 2541 1.7 526Higher .0 1587 .0 .4 1509 (4.4) 78Wealth index quintilePoorest 3.6 750 3.2 20.9 656 16.4 94Second 1.0 1066 1.1 12.2 946 5.0 120Middle .6 1080 .7 6.6 931 4.6 148Fourth .1 1217 .1 3.3 1082 2.2 135Richest .0 1273 .0 1.4 1112 2.1 161Total .8 5385 .8 7.7 4726 5.2 6591MICS indicator 8.62MICS indicator 8.73MICS indicator 8.8( ) Figures that are based on 25–49 unweighted casesMONITORING THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN 177
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SERBIAMULTIPLE INDICATORCLUSTER SUR
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AcknowledgementsA number of people
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List of Tables30 Table HH.1Results
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157 Table ED.3Primary school entry,
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277 Table SE.2RSampling errors: Tot
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List of AbbreviationsAIDSANCCSProEC
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TopicMICS4IndicatorNumberMDGIndicat
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TopicMICS4IndicatorNumberMDGIndicat
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•Approximately 73 percent of chil
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survey. The situation is different
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women from Roma settlements had bee
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In signing these international agre
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QuestionnairesFour sets of question
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How to Read the TablesSome of the d
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Table HH.1: Results of household, w
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The age and sex distribution of the
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Table HH.4: Women’s background ch
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Table HH.5: Under-5’s background
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Of the 4015 children age 0-17 recor
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The response rates for households a
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Table HH.3R provides basic backgrou
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Approximately, 68 percent of interv
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Of the 3309 children age 0-17 recor
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The module on child mortality was u
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Table NU.1 shows the percentages of
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For both comparison with MICS3 as w
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indicators when their weight and he
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Breastfeeding and Infantand Young C
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In Table NU.3, breastfeeding status
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Table NU.5: Age-appropriate breastf
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Table NU.7: Minimum meal frequency,
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Breastfeeding and Infant and Young
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Approximately 9 percent of children
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Table NU.6R: Introduction of solid,
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Low Birth WeightWeight at birth is
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VI CHILD HEALTHOral Rehydration Tre
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Figure CH.1: Percentage of children
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Table CH.3: Oral rehydration therap
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Oral Rehydration Treatmentin Roma S
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Table CH.3R provides the proportion
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Care Seeking and AntibioticTreatmen
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Table CH.5: Knowledge of the two da
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Table CH.4R presents the prevalence
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Overall, almost one-third (32 perce
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Table CH.7R: Solid fuel use by plac
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Table WS.1: Use of improved water s
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The amount of time it takes to obta
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Use of Improved Water Sourcesin Rom
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The amount of time it takes to obta
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Use of Improved SanitationInadequat
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Safe disposal of a child’s faeces
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Use of Improved Sanitationin Roma S
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Table WS.7R: Disposal of child’s
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HandwashingHandwashing with water a
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Handwashing in Roma SettlementsA sp
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VIII REPRODUCTIVEHEALTHFertilityIn
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Table RH.3 presents the trends for
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Table RH.3R presents the trends for
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Table RH.4: Use of contraception, S
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Contraception in Roma SettlementsCu
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Unmet NeedUnmet need for contracept
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Unmet Need in Roma SettlementsTotal
Page 128 and 129: Antenatal CareThe antenatal period
Page 130 and 131: UNICEF and WHO recommend a minimum
Page 132 and 133: Table RH.7R: Number of antenatal ca
Page 134 and 135: Assistance at DeliveryThree-quarter
Page 136 and 137: Assistance at Delivery in Roma Sett
Page 138 and 139: Place of Delivery in Roma Settlemen
Page 140 and 141: A specific question was added in MI
Page 142 and 143: For almost all children under-five
Page 144 and 145: In Serbia, 76 percent of children a
Page 146 and 147: Table CD.1R.A: Early child developm
Page 148 and 149: Table CD.2R: Support for learning,
Page 150 and 151: Table CD.4R shows that 4 percent of
Page 152 and 153: Table CD.5: Early child development
Page 154 and 155: X LITERACYAND EDUCATIONLiteracy amo
Page 156 and 157: Literacy among Young Women and Meni
Page 158 and 159: School Readiness in Roma Settlement
Page 160 and 161: Table ED.4 provides the percentage
Page 162 and 163: The percentage of children entering
Page 164 and 165: the number of children of primary s
Page 166 and 167: Primary and Secondary School Partic
Page 168 and 169: Table ED.5R: Secondary school atten
Page 170 and 171: Table ED.7R: Primary school complet
Page 172 and 173: Table ED.8R: Education gender parit
Page 174 and 175: Birth Registration in Roma Settleme
Page 176 and 177: to describe aspects of child discip
Page 180 and 181: Table CP.3M: Early marriage, Serbia
Page 182 and 183: Table CP.5: Spousal age difference,
Page 184 and 185: Table CP.3R.M: Early marriage, Roma
Page 186 and 187: Table CP.5R: Spousal age difference
Page 188 and 189: Table CP.6: Attitudes toward domest
Page 190 and 191: Attitudes toward Domestic Violencei
Page 192 and 193: XII HIV/AIDS ANDSEXUAL BEHAVIOURKno
Page 194 and 195: Similar patterns are observed for m
Page 196 and 197: Table HA.2M: Knowledge about HIV tr
Page 198 and 199: Table HA.3: Knowledge of mother-to-
Page 200 and 201: Men between 15-29 years of age seem
Page 202 and 203: Among the women interviewed aged be
Page 204 and 205: Table HA.3R: Knowledge of mother-to
Page 206 and 207: The indicators on attitudes toward
Page 208 and 209: Accepting Attitudes toward People L
Page 210 and 211: Knowledge of a Place for HIV Testin
Page 212 and 213: Tables HA.6 and HA.6M present the s
Page 214 and 215: Table HA.7: HIV counselling and tes
Page 216 and 217: Similar patterns are observed for m
Page 218 and 219: Table HA.6R.M: Knowledge of a place
Page 220 and 221: Sexual Behaviour Related to HIVTran
Page 222 and 223: Table HA.9: Sex with multiple partn
Page 224 and 225: Overall, 22 percent of men between
Page 226 and 227: Table HA.11: Sex with non-regular p
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Sexual Behaviour Related to HIVTran
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Overall, 2 percent of women aged be
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Table HA.9R.M: Sex with multiple pa
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Table HA.11R: Sex with non-regular
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XIII ACCESS TO MASSMEDIA AND USEOF
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a weekly basis, men aged 15-19 are
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Women with secondary education are
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As expected, both computer and inte
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Usage of computer and internet duri
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Table SW.1: Domains of life satisfa
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The average life satisfaction score
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In table SW.3, women’s perception
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Subjective well-being in Roma Settl
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Table SW.2R: Life satisfaction and
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Table SW.3R: Perception of a better
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Appendix A Sample Design for the Se
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Sampling Frame and Selection of Clu
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Appendix A Sample Design for the Ro
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Calculation of Sample WeightsThe sa
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Darko DjuricDragan CvetkovicIgor St
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Table SE.1: Indicators selected for
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Table SE.3: Sampling errors: Urban
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Table SE.5: Sampling errors: Region
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Table SE.7: Sampling errors: Region
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Appendix C Estimates of Sampling Er
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Table SE.2R: Sampling errors: Total
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Table SE.4R: Sampling errors: Rural
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Table DQ.2: Age distribution of eli
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Table DQ.6: Men’s completion rate
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Table DQ.8: Completeness of reporti
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Table DQ.10: Heaping in anthropomet
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Table DQ.14: Selection of children
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Appendix D Data Quality Tables —
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Table DQ.5R: Women’s completion r
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Table DQ.8R: Completeness of report
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Table DQ.10R: Heaping in anthropome
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Table DQ.15R: School attendance by
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MICS4 INDICATOR Module Numerator De
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MICS4 INDICATOR Module Numerator De
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Appendix F Questionnaires
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MODULE HL — HOUSEHOLD LISTING FOR
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MODULE ED — EDUCATIONED1.LineNo.E
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MODULE WS — WATER AND SANITATIONW
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HC4. Main material of the roof.Reco
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MODULE CD — CHILD DISCIPLINETable
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HH21. Does any child under the age
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WB7. Now I would like you to read t
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MN2. Whom did you see?Probe:Anyone
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CP3. Couples use various ways or me
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MA5. Have you ever been married or
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HA11. If a member of your family go
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LS10. How satisfied are you with ho
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MODULE BR — BIRTH REGISTRATIONBR1
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EC13. Does (name) follow simple dir
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CA7. At any time in the last two we
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QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MEN AGE 15-29 YEA
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MA2. How old is your wife/partner?P
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SB13. Other than these two persons,
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LS11. How satisfied are you with th
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Table ED.5 (a): Lower secondary sch
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Table ED.4R (a): Primary school att
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Table ED.5R (b): Upper secondary sc
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