fहndi - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya
fहndi - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya fहndi - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya
Chaitanya went a step further and madedevotion to Radha the basic tenet of theVaishnavite cult.In the sphere of literature, the conceptof Radha thus emerged as a fully developedtheme soon after the twelfth or thirteenthcentury. So far as the development of Hindiliterature is concerned, we may takecognizance of this idea from the days ofVallabhacharya (1479 - 1531). It was he,and more than him, his son and successor,Vitthalnath who laid the foundation ofRadha worship as an inseparable part ofKrishna-bhakti. Vitthalnath's Sanskritworks bring out clearly the fact thatKrishna bhakti is incomplete without theworkship of Radha with equal fervour, fromnow on Radha worship became one of thetenets of pushhtimarga propounded byVallabhacharya and his followers. We findnearly all the devotees of the Ashtachhapand the subsequent saint poets of this cultacknowledging it in their preachings andembodying this truth in their poeticalworks. The founder of the Radha - vallabhcult, Hitaharivansha went still further andequated Radha with Krishna so far asdevotion, love and worship are concerned.After him each one of the devotees thoughtit his religious duty to endorse this viewand stress the importance of Radha in hisverses.Radha WorshipWhat is the philosophy behind Radhaworship? There are two reasons generallyadduced in support of this worship. Firstly,Radha as an abstract concept is symbolicof what is most beautiful, artistic andlovable in this universe. She is truly theembodiment of what is described assundaram by the ancient seers. Secondly,as the beloved and acknowledged the mostfavoured Gopika of Krishna, Worship ofRadha is looked upon as the best way ofinvoking the blessing of Krishna, for noone can be nearer to him in thought anddeed than Radha.In Hindi literature the full floweringof the "Sringar Ras" may be attributedlargely to the concept of Radha. What willbe best of the writings of Keshvadas, Bihari,Deva and several other poets if we takeaway from their works the portions devotedto Radha?The devotees of the Radha-vallabh culthave done a good bit of hair-splitting asregards the theory and manifestation ofRadha worship - For example, some of thequestions posed are; does true devotion findits came in union or separation? Whichof the two is more conducive tovirtuousness? But we prefer to leave suchdiscussions out as they do not fall withinthe purview of our study.Shakespeare is very popular for hisdescription of the first sight of love inalmost all his dramas. Hence, his aphorism— Love at first sight ?" Surdas describesthe first sight of love of the immortal lovers(i.e.,) Radha and Krishna in a very naturalway. To Surdas, their mutual first sight wasa divine surprise -"Krishna has set out forplaying with his toys and other play-things.He has richly decorated himself withfgndi •April-June 2013 :: 57
valuable ornaments and clothes. His bodyis shining with the applique of sandal -paste. He reached the beautiful banks ofthe Jamuna. Perchance, he saw Radha therewhose beautiful eyes and forehead arebroad. She is wearing a blue upper-clotharound her waist and her long pig-tail isrolling over her back. She is very beautifuland the colour of her body is fair. Krishnafell in love with her at the first sight. Radhatoo saw Krishna for the first time. "Eyesmet eyes" "They exchanged glances". Thisfirst sight of Radha and Krishna paves theway for their future immortal love.Surdas has sketched the picture of themost pathetic condition of Radha who isthe most grief-stricken lady at the first sightof Krishna. There is a total change in herbehaviour. She no longer walks fast. Sheis not talkative as before. She startedblushing due to some thoughts which cometo her mind most frequently. There is akind of stringing vibration in her heart.She lost hunger. She lost the control overher senses. She laughs and cries at the sameperiod. Her hair bristle when she is admiredby her friends as the most loved one ofKrishna. She has fallen a prey to the feelingsof sex. Outwardly, she is calm andpossessed. But inwardly she is turbulentand uncontrolled.Radha is not able to sleep now. To her,except Krishna nothing else is beautiful.Her thoughts are concentrated on the planto meet her lover. She feels lonely. Thereis none to whom she can tell about hersorrow. Sur's Radha herself explains hercondition to one of her close friends —"Since I saw Krishna, my eyes have nosleep. The heart is always moving like awheel. To my eyes, nothing looks beautiful.My eyes plan several schemes to seeKrishna. All their thoughts are concentratedon this venue. The condition of othersenses is the same? (i.e.), My ears wantto hear the words of Krishna. My nosewants to smell the sweet smell of the basilgarland around his neck. My tongue wantsto sing about his virtuous qualities. Myskin wants to have a bodily touch of him.The love between Krishna and Radhais not a new one. It continues to exist fromseveral previous births. So they know eachother very well. Radha knows too wellabout the blemish on Krishna's Character.Krishna too knows very well that nothingof his could be hidden from the sight ofthe clever Radha.Radha in SeparationRadha's condition is worse in the absenceof Krishna. She gazes at the path ofKrishna with fixed eyes. She recollects thepast and cries bitterly. She writes the'patiyaas' (letters) and washes them withher tears. She has no hunger. Her sleepis lost. She has not washed those clotheswhich she used to wear in the companyof Krishna.Her hair are dry and confused, herbody is pale and withered. Here eyes havelost their glow. God gave her a lot of pain.A milkmaid explains her condition. "Ohfriend! In the absence of Krishna,everything of Radha's body is changed. Her58 :: April-June 2013fgndi •
- Page 5 and 6: all is not well with the world. Ult
- Page 7 and 8: After tallying the anubhavas mentio
- Page 9 and 10: sustenance. If it fights shy of phi
- Page 11 and 12: progression from Shringararasabhasa
- Page 13 and 14: glamour and fame, I always looked a
- Page 15 and 16: grandmother. Scolded for stealing t
- Page 17 and 18: of his episodes and characters from
- Page 19 and 20: The short story Najum (astrology) b
- Page 21 and 22: India, Indianness and BuddhaDev Bos
- Page 23 and 24: Buddha Dev Bose's writings on Tagor
- Page 25 and 26: development of the idea of a worldl
- Page 27 and 28: defies the set patterns of known li
- Page 29 and 30: The Concerns of CriticismShambhunat
- Page 31 and 32: On the basis of feudal thinking the
- Page 33 and 34: etween the interests of different s
- Page 35 and 36: silent about Hazari Prasad Diwedi.
- Page 37 and 38: Imperialism. The imperialists had c
- Page 39 and 40: conventional reformers to evaluatet
- Page 41 and 42: expansion of knowledge emotions are
- Page 43 and 44: unprincipled propaganda takes place
- Page 45 and 46: drowning with shame or pride in it.
- Page 47 and 48: made criticism a pure literary subj
- Page 49 and 50: It is a great paradox that in an ag
- Page 51 and 52: how much they are mixing with it. M
- Page 53 and 54: peculiar way of protest against not
- Page 55: Radha Worship in Hindi LiteratureL.
- Page 59 and 60: literature in general and Hindi lit
- Page 61 and 62: Not only this the hunger which I go
- Page 63 and 64: 3. We the Janvadi PoetsWe are write
- Page 65 and 66: 5. A FarmerThis time paddy crophas
- Page 67 and 68: isolated, lonely and stained with p
- Page 69 and 70: 3. A COFFIN AND A BOTTLEIn this roo
- Page 71 and 72: The omnipresence of your super imag
- Page 73 and 74: As I look at the black and white pr
- Page 75 and 76: But when I touched the door of the
- Page 77 and 78: 7. LIFEThat day when I entereda mag
- Page 79 and 80: 2. TEA WITH DONNEGood Morning, dear
- Page 81 and 82: 4. HI, KRISHNA!Hi, Krishna!What’r
- Page 83 and 84: Malbe Ka MalikMohan RakeshJai Ratan
- Page 85 and 86: 'Everything else has changed but no
- Page 87 and 88: feet, on a brick path near the open
- Page 89 and 90: ightened up on seeing Rakkha Pahalw
- Page 91 and 92: 'So what happened?''Nothing happene
- Page 93 and 94: Mad DelightMohan Rakesh was as much
- Page 95 and 96: In continuous rhythmic movements, h
- Page 97 and 98: is the silence within . . . silence
- Page 99 and 100: ehind. The man remains alone once a
- Page 101 and 102: stretching road ahead."And how much
- Page 103 and 104: the car."Tell me what do you want?"
- Page 105 and 106: "Was it necessary today itself ?" f
Chaitanya went a step further and madedevotion to Radha the basic tenet of theVaishnavite cult.In the sphere of literature, the conceptof Radha thus emerged as a fully developedtheme soon after the twelfth or thirteenthcentury. So far as the development of <strong>Hindi</strong>literature is concerned, we may takecognizance of this idea from the days ofVallabhacharya (1479 - 1531). It was he,and more than him, his son and successor,Vitthalnath who laid the foundation ofRadha worship as an inseparable part ofKrishna-bhakti. Vitthalnath's Sanskritworks bring out clearly the fact thatKrishna bhakti is incomplete without theworkship of Radha with equal fervour, fromnow on Radha worship became one of thetenets of pushhtimarga propounded byVallabhacharya and his followers. We findnearly all the devotees of the Ashtachhapand the subsequent saint poets of this cultacknowledging it in their preachings andembodying this truth in their poeticalworks. The founder of the Radha - vallabhcult, Hitaharivansha went still further andequated Radha with Krishna so far asdevotion, love and worship are concerned.After him each one of the devotees thoughtit his religious duty to endorse this viewand stress the importance of Radha in hisverses.Radha WorshipWhat is the philosophy behind Radhaworship? There are two reasons generallyadduced in support of this worship. Firstly,Radha as an abstract concept is symbolicof what is most beautiful, artistic andlovable in this universe. She is truly theembodiment of what is described assundaram by the ancient seers. Secondly,as the beloved and acknowledged the mostfavoured Gopika of Krishna, Worship ofRadha is looked upon as the best way ofinvoking the blessing of Krishna, for noone can be nearer to him in thought anddeed than Radha.In <strong>Hindi</strong> literature the full floweringof the "Sringar Ras" may be attributedlargely to the concept of Radha. What willbe best of the writings of Keshvadas, Bihari,Deva and several other poets if we takeaway from their works the portions devotedto Radha?The devotees of the Radha-vallabh culthave done a good bit of hair-splitting asregards the theory and manifestation ofRadha worship - For example, some of thequestions posed are; does true devotion findits came in union or separation? Whichof the two is more conducive tovirtuousness? But we prefer to leave suchdiscussions out as they do not fall withinthe purview of our study.Shakespeare is very popular for hisdescription of the first sight of love inalmost all his dramas. Hence, his aphorism— Love at first sight ?" Surdas describesthe first sight of love of the immortal lovers(i.e.,) Radha and Krishna in a very naturalway. To Surdas, their mutual first sight wasa divine surprise -"Krishna has set out forplaying with his toys and other play-things.He has richly decorated himself withfgndi •April-June 2013 :: 57
Change language