fà¤¹ndi - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ut they do not assert that humanconsciousness evolves, and that its evolutionis affected by environment andcircumstances. Man is a social being whowants to live with other human beings.In this process of living together literatureis created as a form of social activity. Thepsychology which denies the social aspectsof human beings is not only incompletebut also inefficient. These scientists throwthe light of their science on the slide ofthe self (atma), taking it to be inanimateand static. They do not believe in theconscious and evolving nature of the self.This is why their supporters, on the onehand, consider the feeling of superiorityand sexuality as the motivating force oflife, and on the other, they "experiencein literature an undivided andtranscendental bliss" through the processof generalization (sadharnikaran).According to them, if some artist, withoutfacing life squarely, creates a utopianheaven, he cannot be blamed. Babuji speaksof "healthy escapism" which serves as aprop in life. This means that an escapistis also a supporter of progress. In the sameway Bhakti (devotion) is sugarcoated withsensuality, and Shringara (sensual love) withBhakti. Babuji states : "A poet, like Freud'sdreamer, takes recourse to symbolism insome measure. Sometimes he veils Bhaktiwith sensuality, and sensuality with Bhakti.And sometimes poets, in order to renderit more attractive, sugarcoat gyan (wisdom)and Bhakti with sensuality." Perhaps,without such a stratagem, they would notbe called artists.Literature is subject to evolution, andit is an important social activity. Thegreatest proof of this assertion lies in thefact the theories that the ancient acharyas(scholars) had constituted with a view tofuture application cannot be applied to newmodern literature in entirety. Any attemptto apply them will either break the scaleor force to clip our legs. New literaturecannot be evaluated with the yardstick ofnine rasas. If such an attempt is made, itwill result in the following observations :• "If a novel contains acondemnation of some badcustom, it will be deemed to haveBibhatsa as the dominant rasa."• "The evil which occurs to theoppressed because of the oppressoris an object of Karuna."• "In modern novels it is difficult todetermine which rasa is dominant,but they may be analyzed from theviewpoint of rasa."• "(In Sevasadan) there is a feelingof respect towards prostitutesamongst Hindus. This is anexample of Bibhatsa."• "The Main purpose of Gaban isto expose women's love ofornaments and men's display oftheir wealth and its illconsequences,and the moralcourage and the spirit ofreformation displayed by the wifeprompted by her devotion to herhusband. From the viewpoint ofrasa, we will regard it as afgndi •April-June 2013 :: 11
progression from Shringararasabhasa (semblance of Shringar)to true shringar."• "Some utterances because of theirrelationship to politics, areconsidered to be of vira rasa.It is clear from these quotations thathow difficult it is to apply old theoriesto new literature. Even after facing thisdifficulty, it remains doubtful how far thesetheories help us in understanding literature.Currents of life are so intertwined togetherthat they cannot be barricaded by ninerasas, and forced to flow according to one'swhims. The works of Premchand haveproved that for the evaluation of this newliterature, new theories, answering to theneeds of the times, have to be discovered.Dr Ramvilas Sharma (1912-2000), was an outstanding Hindi scholar and critic. He hasauthored numerous books, including Nirala Ki Sahitya Sadhana, Mahavir Prasad aur HindiNavjagran, Bharat ke Prachin Bhasha Parivar aur Hindi, and Paschim Asia aur Rigved. Helived in Agra.M.S. Kushwaha, retired as Professor and Head, Department of English and Modern EuropeanLanguages, Lucknow University, Lucknow. He has published a voluminous Hindi commentaryon the well-known text of Sanskrit grammar, Laghusiddhanta-Kaumudi. He has also editedtwo volumes of essarys on Sanskrit poetics. He lives in Lucknow.12 :: April-June 2013fgndi •
Page 1 and 2: A Journal ofMahatma GandhiAntarrash
Page 3 and 4: LANGUAGEArundhati Roy in Indian Lan
Page 5 and 6: all is not well with the world. Ult
Page 7 and 8: After tallying the anubhavas mentio
Page 9: sustenance. If it fights shy of phi
Page 13 and 14: glamour and fame, I always looked a
Page 15 and 16: grandmother. Scolded for stealing t
Page 17 and 18: of his episodes and characters from
Page 19 and 20: The short story Najum (astrology) b
Page 21 and 22: India, Indianness and BuddhaDev Bos
Page 23 and 24: Buddha Dev Bose's writings on Tagor
Page 25 and 26: development of the idea of a worldl
Page 27 and 28: defies the set patterns of known li
Page 29 and 30: The Concerns of CriticismShambhunat
Page 31 and 32: On the basis of feudal thinking the
Page 33 and 34: etween the interests of different s
Page 35 and 36: silent about Hazari Prasad Diwedi.
Page 37 and 38: Imperialism. The imperialists had c
Page 39 and 40: conventional reformers to evaluatet
Page 41 and 42: expansion of knowledge emotions are
Page 43 and 44: unprincipled propaganda takes place
Page 45 and 46: drowning with shame or pride in it.
Page 47 and 48: made criticism a pure literary subj
Page 49 and 50: It is a great paradox that in an ag
Page 51 and 52: how much they are mixing with it. M
Page 53 and 54: peculiar way of protest against not
Page 55 and 56: Radha Worship in Hindi LiteratureL.
Page 57 and 58: valuable ornaments and clothes. His
Page 59 and 60: literature in general and Hindi lit
Page 61 and 62:
Not only this the hunger which I go
Page 63 and 64:
3. We the Janvadi PoetsWe are write
Page 65 and 66:
5. A FarmerThis time paddy crophas
Page 67 and 68:
isolated, lonely and stained with p
Page 69 and 70:
3. A COFFIN AND A BOTTLEIn this roo
Page 71 and 72:
The omnipresence of your super imag
Page 73 and 74:
As I look at the black and white pr
Page 75 and 76:
But when I touched the door of the
Page 77 and 78:
7. LIFEThat day when I entereda mag
Page 79 and 80:
2. TEA WITH DONNEGood Morning, dear
Page 81 and 82:
4. HI, KRISHNA!Hi, Krishna!What’r
Page 83 and 84:
Malbe Ka MalikMohan RakeshJai Ratan
Page 85 and 86:
'Everything else has changed but no
Page 87 and 88:
feet, on a brick path near the open
Page 89 and 90:
ightened up on seeing Rakkha Pahalw
Page 91 and 92:
'So what happened?''Nothing happene
Page 93 and 94:
Mad DelightMohan Rakesh was as much
Page 95 and 96:
In continuous rhythmic movements, h
Page 97 and 98:
is the silence within . . . silence
Page 99 and 100:
ehind. The man remains alone once a
Page 101 and 102:
stretching road ahead."And how much
Page 103 and 104:
the car."Tell me what do you want?"
Page 105 and 106:
"Was it necessary today itself ?" f
Page 107 and 108:
laughed father “not a morsel to e
Page 109 and 110:
Rites for The DepartedChandrakantaR
Page 111 and 112:
gazing at the swiveling waves of th
Page 113 and 114:
salutations to the Ganga : 'These p
Page 115 and 116:
He won his mukti in that instant of
Page 117 and 118:
a rush for a plank she suddenly see
Page 119 and 120:
The Voice Which was Progeny...Tarun
Page 121 and 122:
growl, blare and shouts had compell
Page 123 and 124:
Broken bamboos and thatches strewed
Page 125 and 126:
forest and open land. The man and w
Page 127 and 128:
"But I have already taken the money
Page 129 and 130:
Ramrath and Bhagirathi's fate gave
Page 131 and 132:
than their son.That boy knew this m
Page 133 and 134:
of power of the original to be tran
Page 135 and 136:
the time. "That raises a question i
Page 137 and 138:
The novelist was translating her ow
Page 139 and 140:
13th paragraph, Arundhati used the
Page 141 and 142:
Referencesi. 'Arundhati Roy, transl
Page 143 and 144:
translation of literature in Englis
Page 145 and 146:
Sons published it under its Traditi
Page 147 and 148:
here that he forgot to smile.'"Afte
Page 149 and 150:
are the opulence of royalty, strugg
Page 151 and 152:
wide web (www) which has created ap
Page 153 and 154:
in it move beyond Cultural Studies
Page 155 and 156:
Prize. Wasn't it in the early years
Page 157 and 158:
deep insight into the life and work
Page 159:
25. Ms. Kanan Jhingan, 48, Swastik
show all

fà¤¹ndi - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?