Roland Barthes â Mythologies - soundenvironments
Roland Barthes â Mythologies - soundenvironments Roland Barthes â Mythologies - soundenvironments
course is meant to prepare one for the idea of a more benignNature.As for the material itself, it is certain that it promotes a taste forlightness in its magical sense. There is a return to a certain degreeof streamlining, new, however, since it is less bulky, less incisive,more relaxed than that which one found in the first period of thisfashion. Speed here is expressed by less aggressive, less athleticsigns, as if it were evolving from a primitive to a classical form.This spiritualization can be seen in the extent, the quality and thematerial of the glass-work. The Déesse is obviously the exaltationof glass, and pressed metal is only a support for it. Here, the glasssurfaces are not windows, openings pierced in a dark shell; theyare vast walls of air and space, with the curvature, the spread andthe brilliance of soap-bubbles, the hard thinness of a substancemore entomological than mineral (the Citroën emblem, with itsarrows, has in fact become a winged emblem, as if one wasproceeding from the category of propulsion to that of spontaneousmotion, from that of the engine to that of the organism).neologism (a whole publicity campaign had kept it on the alert foryears), it tries very quickly to fall back on a behaviour whichindicates adjustment and a readiness to use ('You've got to get usedto it'). In the exhibition halls, the car on show is explored with anintense, amorous studiousness: it is the great tactile phase ofdiscovery, the moment when visual wonder is about to receive thereasoned assault of touch (for touch is the most demystifying of allsenses, unlike sight, which is the most magical). The bodywork,the lines of union are touched, the upholstery palpated, the seatstried, the doors caressed, the cushions fondled; before the wheel,one pretends to drive with one's whole body. The object here istotally prostituted, appropriated: originating from the heaven ofMetropolis, the Goddess is in a quarter of an hour mediatized,actualizing through this exorcism the very essence of petitbourgeoisadvancement.We are therefore dealing here with a humanized art, and it ispossible that the Déesse marks a change in the mythology of cars.Until now, the ultimate in cars belonged rather to the bestiary ofpower; here it becomes at once more spiritual and more objectlike,and despite some concessions to neomania (such as the emptysteering wheel), it is now more homely, more attuned to thissublimation of the utensil which one also finds in the design ofcontemporary household equipment. The dashboard looks morelike the working surface of a modern kitchen than the control-roomof a factory: the slim panes of matt fluted metal, the small leverstopped by a white ball, the very simple dials, the very discretenessof the nickel-work, all this signifies a kind of control exercisedover motion, which is henceforth conceived as comfort rather thanperformance. One is obviously turning from an alchemy of speedto a relish in driving.The public, it seems, has admirably divined the novelty of thethemes which are suggested to it. Responding at first to the8990
Photography and Electoral AppealSome candidates for Parliament adorn their electoral prospectuswith a portrait. This presupposes that photography has a power toconvert which must be analysed. To start with, the effigy of acandidate establishes a personal link between him and the voters;the candidate does not only offer a programme for judgment, hesuggests a physical climate, a set of daily choices expressed in amorphology, a way of dressing, a posture. Photography thus tendsto restore the paternalistic nature of elections, whose elitist essencehas been disrupted by proportional representation and the rule ofparties (the Right seems to use it more than the Left). Inasmuch asphotography is an ellipse of language and a condensation of an'ineffable' social whole, it constitutes an antiintellectual weaponand tends to spirit away 'politics' (that is to say a body of problemsand solutions) to the advantage of a 'manner of being', a sociomoralstatus. It is well known that this antithesis is one of themajor myths of Poujadism (Poujade on television saying: 'Look atme: I am like you').Electoral photography is therefore above all the acknowledgmentof something deep and irrational co-extensive with politics. Whatis transmitted through the photograph of the candidate are not hisplans, but his deep motives, all his family, mental, even eroticcircumstances, all this style of life of which he is at once theproduct, the example and the bait. It is obvious that what most ofour candidates offer us through their likeness is a type of socialsetting, the spectacular comfort of family, legal and religiousnorms, the suggestion of innately owning such items of bourgeoisproperty as Sunday Mass, xenophobia, steak and chips, cuckoldjokes, in short, what we call an ideology. Needless to say the use ofelectoral photography presupposes a kind of complicity: aphotograph is a mirror, what we are asked to read is the familiar,the known; it offers to the voter his own likeness, but clarified,exalted, superbly elevated into a type. This glorification is in fact91the very definition of the photogenic: the voter is at once expressedand heroized, he is invited to elect himself, to weigh the mandatewhich he is about to give with a veritable physical transference: heis delegating his 'race'.The types which are thus delegated are not very varied. First thereis that which stands for social status, respectability, whethersanguine and well-fed (lists of 'National' parties), or genteel andinsipid (lists of the M.R.P.-the Christian Democrats). Then, thetype of the intellectual (let it be repeated that we are dealing herewith 'signified' types, not actual ones) whether sanctimonious likethe candidate of centre right parties like the RassemblementNational, or 'searching' like that of the Communists. In the last twocases, the iconography is meant to signify the exceptionalconjunction of thought and will, reflection and action: the slightlynarrowed eyes allow a sharp look to filter through, which seems tofind its strength in a beautiful inner dream without howeverceasing to alight on real obstacles, as if the ideal candidate had inthis case magnificently to unite social idealism with bourgeoisempiricism. The last type is quite simply that of the 'good-lookingchap', whose obvious credentials are his health and virility. Somecandidates, incidentally, beautifully manage to win on both counts,appearing for instance as a handsome hero (in uniform) on one sideof the handout, and as a mature and virile citizen on the other,displaying his little family. For in most cases, the morphologicaltype is assisted by very obvious attributes: one candidate issurrounded by his kids (curled and dolledup like all childrenphotographed in France), another is a young parachutist withrolled-up sleeves, or an officer with his chest covered withdecorations. Photography constitutes here a veritable blackmail bymeans of moral values: country, army, family, honour, recklessheroism.The conventions of photography, moreover, are themselves repletewith signs. A full-face photograph underlines the realistic outlookof the candidate, especially if he is provided with scrutinizingglasses. Everything there expresses penetration, gravity, frankness:the future deputy is looking squarely at the enemy, the obstacle,92
- Page 2 and 3: MYTHOLOGIESBooks by Roland BarthesA
- Page 4 and 5: Reading and deciphering myth 127Myt
- Page 6 and 7: * See Translator's Note on neologis
- Page 8 and 9: The World of WrestlingThe grandiloq
- Page 10 and 11: exhaustion of the content by the fo
- Page 12 and 13: or function because in fact half th
- Page 14 and 15: integration of Roman capillary habi
- Page 16 and 17: The good-natured image of 'the writ
- Page 18 and 19: Blind and Dumb CriticismCritics (of
- Page 20 and 21: having disguised the abrasive funct
- Page 22 and 23: It is a kind of homeopathy: one cur
- Page 24 and 25: And this 'universal' language comes
- Page 26 and 27: not the alibi which a sizeable part
- Page 28 and 29: ToysFrench toys: one could not find
- Page 30 and 31: of beauty than the essence of her c
- Page 32 and 33: American films, in which the hero,
- Page 34 and 35: The Nautilus and the Drunken BoatTh
- Page 36 and 37: him, the cessation of a localized f
- Page 38 and 39: All this would be commonplace if we
- Page 40 and 41: support given by the Guide to Franc
- Page 42 and 43: Neither-Nor CriticismWe were able t
- Page 44 and 45: incongruous and artificial clothing
- Page 48 and 49: the 'problem'. A three-quarter face
- Page 50 and 51: PlasticDespite having names of Gree
- Page 52 and 53: which accompany each chapter of the
- Page 54 and 55: Thus we begin to see better the myt
- Page 56 and 57: difference. Pictures become a kind
- Page 58 and 59: which is a signification. Of course
- Page 60 and 61: But the essential point in all this
- Page 62 and 63: metaphor is perhaps still too spati
- Page 64 and 65: salute and that of the French soldi
- Page 66 and 67: instrument. Conversely, if I deciph
- Page 68 and 69: ut the meaning of things themselves
- Page 70 and 71: The bourgeoisie as a joint-stock co
- Page 72 and 73: particular, historical: man as repr
- Page 74 and 75: enthralled by the story of the lion
- Page 76 and 77: empty form, open to the innocence o
- Page 78 and 79: only weigh like against like. There
- Page 80 and 81: Necessity and limits of mythologyI
- Page 82 and 83: weigh the signification with the fu
course is meant to prepare one for the idea of a more benignNature.As for the material itself, it is certain that it promotes a taste forlightness in its magical sense. There is a return to a certain degreeof streamlining, new, however, since it is less bulky, less incisive,more relaxed than that which one found in the first period of thisfashion. Speed here is expressed by less aggressive, less athleticsigns, as if it were evolving from a primitive to a classical form.This spiritualization can be seen in the extent, the quality and thematerial of the glass-work. The Déesse is obviously the exaltationof glass, and pressed metal is only a support for it. Here, the glasssurfaces are not windows, openings pierced in a dark shell; theyare vast walls of air and space, with the curvature, the spread andthe brilliance of soap-bubbles, the hard thinness of a substancemore entomological than mineral (the Citroën emblem, with itsarrows, has in fact become a winged emblem, as if one wasproceeding from the category of propulsion to that of spontaneousmotion, from that of the engine to that of the organism).neologism (a whole publicity campaign had kept it on the alert foryears), it tries very quickly to fall back on a behaviour whichindicates adjustment and a readiness to use ('You've got to get usedto it'). In the exhibition halls, the car on show is explored with anintense, amorous studiousness: it is the great tactile phase ofdiscovery, the moment when visual wonder is about to receive thereasoned assault of touch (for touch is the most demystifying of allsenses, unlike sight, which is the most magical). The bodywork,the lines of union are touched, the upholstery palpated, the seatstried, the doors caressed, the cushions fondled; before the wheel,one pretends to drive with one's whole body. The object here istotally prostituted, appropriated: originating from the heaven ofMetropolis, the Goddess is in a quarter of an hour mediatized,actualizing through this exorcism the very essence of petitbourgeoisadvancement.We are therefore dealing here with a humanized art, and it ispossible that the Déesse marks a change in the mythology of cars.Until now, the ultimate in cars belonged rather to the bestiary ofpower; here it becomes at once more spiritual and more objectlike,and despite some concessions to neomania (such as the emptysteering wheel), it is now more homely, more attuned to thissublimation of the utensil which one also finds in the design ofcontemporary household equipment. The dashboard looks morelike the working surface of a modern kitchen than the control-roomof a factory: the slim panes of matt fluted metal, the small leverstopped by a white ball, the very simple dials, the very discretenessof the nickel-work, all this signifies a kind of control exercisedover motion, which is henceforth conceived as comfort rather thanperformance. One is obviously turning from an alchemy of speedto a relish in driving.The public, it seems, has admirably divined the novelty of thethemes which are suggested to it. Responding at first to the8990