Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale

118Research Article /Araflt›rma MakalesiDOI: 10.4274/npa.5344Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42):Psychometric PropertiesDepresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçe¤inin (DASS-42) Türkçeye Uyarlanm›fl fieklinin Psikometrik ÖzellikleriNazan B‹LGEL, Nuran BAYRAM*Uluda¤ Üniversitesi T›p Fakültesi, Aile Hekimli¤i Anabilim Dal›, Bursa, Türkiye*Uluda¤ Üniversitesi ‹ktisadi ve ‹dari Bilimler Fakültesi, Ekonometri Anabilim Dal›, Bursa, TürkiyeABSTRACTObjective: This study explores the reliability, the construct and convergentvalidity of the Turkish version of the DASS-42.Methods: The Turkish-language version of the DASS-42 was administered to anon-clinical sample, broadly representative of a university student population(N=1102) in terms of demographic variables. Competing models of the latentstructure of the DASS were derived from theoretical and empirical sources andevaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. The convergent validity of thescale was examined by correlating it with the previously validated andfrequently used Turkish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.Results: The best fitting model of the latent structure of the DASS consisted ofthree correlated factors corresponding to the depression, anxiety, and stressscales. The reliability of the DASS was excellent and the measure possessedadequate convergent validity.Conclusion: The Turkish version of the DASS-42 is a reliable and validmeasure of the constructs it was intended to assess. This measure was founduseful for evaluating depression, anxiety, and stress in non-clinical population.Further studies are needed to study the utility of this measure in psychiatricpatients. (Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26)Key words: Depression, anxiety, stress, DASS-42, normative data, validation,reliability analysisÖZETAmaç: Bu çal›flman›n amac› DASS-42 ölçe¤inin Türkçeye uyarlanm›fl flekliningeçerlilik, güvenilirli¤ini s›namakt›r.Yöntemler: DASS-42 ölçe¤inin Türkçe uyarlamas› demografik özellikleri ile üniversiteö¤rencilerini temsil eden ve 1102 kifliden oluflan, klinik olmayan bir örne¤euygulanm›flt›r. DASS-42 ölçe¤inin yap›sal özellikleri ile ilgili modeller kuramsalve ampirik bilgilerden yararlan›larak oluflturulmufl ve do¤rulay›c› faktöranalizi (CFA) ile de¤erlendirilmifltir. Ölçe¤in yap›sal geçerlili¤i daha önce Türkçeyeuyarlanm›fl, geçerlili¤i ve güvenilirli¤i belirlenmifl olan ve s›k kullan›lanHastane Anksiyete Depresyon Ölçe¤i (HAD) ile s›nanm›flt›r.Bulgular: DASS-42 ölçe¤i Türkçe uyarlamas›n›n yap›sal geçerlili¤inin de¤erlendirilmesindebirbirleriyle iliflkili depresyon, anksiyete ve stres faktörleri eldeedilmifl ve ölçe¤in güvenilirli¤i yüksek olarak bulunmufltur. Yap›sal geçerlilik bak›m›ndanda uyumlu oldu¤u gözlenmifltir.Sonuç: DASS-42 ölçe¤inin Türkçe uyarlamas›n›n klinik olgulardan oluflmayantopluluklarda geçerlili¤i ve güvenilirli¤i yüksek bir ölçek olarak depresyon, anksiyeteve stresin de¤erlendirilebilmesi amac›yla kullan›labilece¤i kanaatine var›lm›flt›r.Ölçe¤in klinik olgular üzerinde de¤erlendirmesi çal›flmalar›n›n yap›lmas›nagereksinim vard›r. (Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26)Anahtar kelimeler: Depresyon, anksiyete, stres, DASS-42, normatif veri, geçerlilik,güvenilirlik analiziIntroductionThe Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) is a 42-item,single, self-report measure of anxiety, depression and stress,developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1). The developersoriginally intended to create a measure that would maximallydiscriminate between depression and anxiety. During the scale’sdevelopment, items not specifically related to depression andanxiety were not included in the measure but were regarded ascontrols; however, it was revealed that the control items tendedto form a third group characterized by chronic nonspecificarousal. More items were added to this group, and the third scale-thestress scale-emerged. Lovibond and Lovibond employedpredominantly non-clinical samples for scale development on thebasis that depression and anxiety represent dimensional, notcategorical, constructs (1). Studies suggested that the DASSdoes possess adequate convergent and discriminant validity (1).A large student sample (n=717) was administered the BeckDepression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI),and the DASS (2). The BAI and the DASS anxiety scale wereAddress for Correspondence/Yaz›flma Adresi: Dr. Nazan Bilgel, Uluda¤ Üniversitesi T›p Fakültesi, Aile Hekimli¤i Anabilim Dal›, Bursa, TürkiyeE-mail: nazan@uludag.edu.tr Received/Gelifl tarihi: 13.07.2009 Accepted/Kabul tarihi: 28.10.2009© Archives of Neuropsychiatry, published by Galenos Publishing. / © Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi Dergisi, Galenos Yay›nevi taraf›ndan bas›lm›flt›r.

Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26Bilgel et al.Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric Properties 119highly correlated (r= 0.81), as were the BDI and the DASSdepression scale (r=0.74) (2). Similar values were obtained fromclinical populations (3,4). To assess the DASS’s psychometricproperties, Lovibond and Lovibond administered the measure to alarge non-clinical sample (n=2914). Reliability was assessed byusing Cronbach’s alpha and was acceptable for the depression,anxiety and stress scales (0.91, 0.84, and 0.90, respectively) (1).These values were similar to those obtained from the clinicalpopulations (3,4).Several studies have directly tested the construct validity ofthe DASS (1,3-8). All of these studies have consistently supportedthe validity of a three-factor structure corresponding to thedimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress; however, somestudies suggest a slight degree of misspecification (3-5,8). Theassumption on which the development of the DASS was based,and which was confirmed by research data, is that thedifferences between the depression, anxiety, and stressexperienced by normal subjects and the clinically disturbed, areessentially differences of degree (1,3-9). The DASS, therefore,has no direct implications for the allocation of patients todiscrete diagnostic categories postulated in classificatorysystems such as the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders) and the ICD (International StatisticalClassification of Diseases and Related Health Problems).However, the DASS Manual gives recommended cut-offs forconventional severity labels (normal, moderate, severe) (1).Psychiatry itself is an agent of globalization. Efforts to developan international nosology and standardized approaches todiagnosis and treatment remain highly biased towardEuro-American constructs developed over the preceding century(10). While the World Health Organization and World PsychiatricAssociation have tried to broker international consensus ondiagnostic nosology and best practices in clinical interventionand prevention, the non-Western database remains very limited(10,11). Although the research strongly suggests the universalnature of phenomena such as depression and anxiety,nonetheless, evidence exists that symptoms may be expresseddifferently in different cultures (12-21). Some empirical methodsare available to indicate whether phenomena such as depression,anxiety, and stress are universal across cultures. If thesesyndromes have a universal aspect to them, it would be expectedthat the factor structure of the data gathered from a set of itemsin one language would be similar to the factor structure of thedata gathered from the same set of items in the other language.If the original items had the highest loadings, this would indicatestrong universality of the syndrome (22,23).There are several scales in Turkish for measuring depression,anxiety, and stress. All of them were translated and adapted intoTurkish from the original English version and validated for theTurkish population. They include Zung Self-Rating DepressionScale (24), the Beck Depression Inventory (25), the HospitalAnxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale (26), the Beck AnxietyInventory (27), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (28), and theBeck Depression Inventory II (29). The Hamilton DepressionScale has a practical value in the evaluation of the results oftherapy, rather than for screening purposes in a non-clinicalpopulation. The Zung Self Rating Depression Scale is too simpleand is not used frequently anymore. The Beck DepressionInventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck DepressionInventory II are also self-report instruments and valid for theTurkish population, but they are not measuring stress. The HADscale is developed for non-psychiatric clinical patients, but alsohas been used widely for measuring depression and anxiety inpopulation studies. All of the above mentioned scales have somelimitations in their use in non-clinical populations. We wanted toadapt a reliable, valid, practical and newly developed instrument,which can measure depression and anxiety together with stressin non-clinical populations, and should be an easy and quickmeasure for screening. We found the DASS-42 suitable for thispurpose. Therefore, in the present study we aim to assess: (a) thereliability and validity of the Turkish version of the DASS-42 and(b) the suitability of the cut-off scores originally reported byLovibond and Lovibond.MethodsStudy ParticipantsUniversity students from four different faculties of a singleuniversity in Turkey with large undergraduate classes voluntarilyparticipated in the study. Approval for the study was given by theinstitutional review committee. The aim of the study wasexplained, and written permission for study participation wascollected from those who agreed to participate. Printed studyinstruments and a questionnaire to collect the demographic datawere distributed to the participants. All of the printed materialswere filled out by the participants anonymously, and after a shortperiod they were collected. A total of 1300 questionnaires weredistributed to the participants; 1245 questionnaires werereturned. After data checking, 143 questionnaires with missingdata were excluded from the analysis.InstrumentsThe DASS-42, translated into Turkish by Uncu et al. (30), is a42-item instrument measuring current (within the past week)symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Each of the threescales consists of 14 items answered by using a 0-3 scale,where 0=did not apply to me at all, and 3=applied to me very muchor most of the time (range of possible scores for each scale is0–42). Scores considered in the normal range are 0-9 fordepression, 0-7 for anxiety, and 0-14 for stress. Scores abovethese ranges indicate the degree of the problem from mild toextreme. The first studies using the original DASS-42 wereperformed by its developers on 3540 volunteer Australianuniversity students, and a good convergent validity with otherscales was found (31).The HAD scale was used to assess the convergent validity ofthe DASS-42. The HAD scale was translated and validated byAydemir et al. (26). The Turkish version of the scale showed agood convergent validity and has been used in many populationbasedstudies. The HAD scale is a self-report rating scale similarto the DASS-42 and is designed to measure both anxiety anddepression. It consists of two subscales, each containing sevenitems evaluated on a four-point Likert scale (ranging from 0-3).The HAD is scored by summing the ratings for the 14 items toyield a total score and by summing the ratings for the seven itemsof each subscale to yield separate scores for anxiety anddepression.Questions regarding demographic characteristics were asfollows: gender, age, and year in school (freshman, sophomore,junior, or senior).

Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26Bilgel et al.Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric Properties 121depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. These valuesrevealed high internal consistency of the Turkish version of theDASS-42. Construct validity measured by item-scale correlationsranged from 0.48 to 0.70 for depression, from 0.33 to 0.59 foranxiety, and from 0.43 to 0.70 for stress. Table 3 shows item-scalecorrelations.Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated for theTurkish version of the DASS-42 and the Turkish version of theHAD scale to measure the convergent validity of the Turkishversion of the DASS-42. Table 4 shows significant positivecorrelation between the two scales. With respect to convergentvalidity, the DASS depression scale correlated highly with HADdepression (r=0.64; p

122Bilgel et al.Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric PropertiesArchives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26Table 5. Factor structure of the DASS-42 Turkish versionFactorsDepression Anxiety StressDASS-DepressionDASS 3 no positive feeling .50 .24 .23DASS 5 not seem to get going .49 .28 .27DASS 10 to look forward to .67 .16 .12DASS 13 sad& depressed .51 .20 .48DASS 16 lost interest about everything .65 .23 .26DASS 17 wasn’t worth as a person .72 .13 .20DASS 21 wasn’t worthwhile .71 .21 .10DASS 24 couldn’t seem enjoyment .64 .19 .26DASS 26 down hearted & blue .58 .24 .39DASS 31 unable to be enthusiastic .60 .23 .12DASS 34 worthless .73 .12 .20DASS 37 nothing to be hopeful .75 .15 .10DASS 38 life was meaningless .73 .21 .08DASS 42 difficult to work .46 .21 .22DASS-AnxietyDASS 2 dryness of mouth .15 .47 .14DASS 4 breathing difficulty .12 .66 .12DASS 7 feeling of shakiness .27 .55 .26DASS 9 anxious .08 .32 .26DASS 15 feeling of faintness .23 .56 .08DASS 19 perspired .07 .50 .24DASS 20 scared .29 .43 .29DASS 23 difficulty in swallowing .20 .68 .10DASS 25 awareness of heart action .20 .63 .21DASS 28 panic .27 .38 .50DASS 30 fear of being thrown .43 .21 .39DASS 36 terrified .36 .51 .19DASS 40 worried .34 .35 .31DASS 41 trembling .21 .59 .15DASS-StressDASS 1 upset .24 .07 .48DASS 6 over-react .21 .27 .54DASS 8 difficult to relax .25 .46 .36DASS 11 getting upset easily .42 .16 .51DASS 12 using nervous energy .28 .20 .63DASS 14 getting impatient .06 .21 .49DASS 18 feeling touchy .29 .08 .53DASS 22 hard to wind down .44 .40 .38DASS 27 irritable .17 .15 .75DASS 29 hard to calm down .18 .15 .67DASS 32 difficult to tolerate .03 .15 .54DASS 33 state of nervous tension .28 .19 .70DASS 35 intolerant .05 .20 .50DASS 39 agitated .36 .42 .20Bold indicates a higher factor loadingwas identical to the second model, but additionally permittedcorrelated error. Including correlated measurement error in themodel tests the possibility that indicator variables correlate notjust because of being caused by a common factor, but also dueto common or correlated unmeasured variables. The fit statisticsfor the CFA models are presented in Table 6. It can be seen thatthe independent factor model, which accepted anxiety anddepression as independent factors, had low fit indices. Themodel, which conceived anxiety and depression as correlatedfactors, had better fit indices (Δχ 2 =1674.81, Δdf=3 p

Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26Bilgel et al.Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric Properties 123Figure 1. Graphical representation of a correlated three-factor model of the DASS (Model 3).Boxes represent observed variables; Circles represent latent variables; Single headed arrows represent regression weights; Double headed arrows represent correlations.

124Bilgel et al.Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric PropertiesArchives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26Table 7. Cut off points and coordinates of the ROC curveCut off point Sensitivity Specificity +LR -LRDASS-Depression17 28.00 96.00 7.00 0.75>18 24.00 96.67 7.20 0.79+LR: Positive likelihood ratio; -LR: Negative likelihood ratio100population (1,8). The mean score in the present sample fordepression was 10.11 (SD=7.80), for anxiety 9.55 (SD=6.47), and forstress 15.94 (SD=7.51). These means are higher than the normspresented by Lovibond and Lovibond: depression= 6.34 (SD=6.97);anxiety= 4.70 (SD=4.91), and stress=10.11 (SD=7.91) (1). They arealso higher than those presented by Crawford & Henry:depression=5.55 (SD=7.48); anxiety= 3.56 (SD=5.39); andstress= 9.27 (SD=8.04) (8). In their study on the Arabic version ofthe DASS, Taouk, Lovibond, and Taube found the means andstandard deviations in a sample of 220 immigrants as follows:depression=11.86 (SD=9.73); anxiety=10.72 (SD=8.56); andstress=14.42 (SD=10.17) (22). These means are closer to ourfindings. Another study on the DASS-42 Spanish version involvingUniversity students found scores lower than ours (38). The higherlevels of depression, anxiety, and stress mean scores confirmelevated rates of psychological disturbance in the Turkishstudent populations (39-41). We found the mean anxiety andstress scores significantly higher among females compared tomales, whereas the mean depression scores were notsignificantly different. Lovibond and Lovibond, and Crawford andHenry mentioned very modest gender effects on DASS scores(1,8). In his study on DASS-42 measures among 850 Universitystudents in Malaysia, Imam found female students significantlymore anxious and stressed when compared to male students (42).The reliabilities of the Turkish version of the DASS-42, asmeasured by Cronbach’s alpha were 0.92 for depression, 0.86 foranxiety, and 0.88 for stress. There is no absolute criterion for thereliability of an instrument. However, as a rule of thumb,Anastasi has suggested that α should be at least 0.85 if theintention is to use an instrument for raw inferences concerningan individual (43). By this criterion, all three DASS subscales canbe viewed as possessing adequate reliability. Bados, Solanas,and Andres found the reliability of the Spanish version of theDASS-42 as 0.92, 0.84, and 0.91 for depression, anxiety, andstress, respectively (38). For the Arabic version of the scale,Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.93 for depression, 0.90 for1008080Sensitivity: 88.0Specificity: 56.0Criterion: >7Sensitivity6040Sensitivity: 71.0Specificity: 80.0Criterion:

Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 118-26Nöropsikiyatri Arflivi 2010; 47: 118-26Bilgel et al.Turkish Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric Properties 125anxiety, and 0.93 for stress (22). The convergent validity of theTurkish version of the DASS-42 was assessed by the Turkishversion of the HAD scale, and we found positive significant correlations,which indicates good convergent validity of the TurkishDASS-42. The correlations between depression and anxietysubscales of the DASS-42 and the HAD scale were highlysignificant, however, the correlation coefficients were moderate(for anxiety 0.58 and for depression 0.64). This may be becausethe HAD scale was developed for the measurement of depressionand anxiety among patients, rather than in a normative population.HAD scale showed a tendency towards higher correlations instudies with more somatic pathology compared with healthysamples (44). In the validation study on the HAD scale Turkishversion, the correlations between the Beck Depression Inventoryand the HAD scale were found to be highly significant, whereasthe correlation coefficients for the student group were found tobe lower (0.63) than those for the participants with somaticpathology (0.72). In their study in a large non-clinical sample,Crawford and Henry (8) found also a significant correlationbetween the HAD scale and the DASS with moderate correlationcoefficients (for depression 0.66 and for anxiety 0.62). Similarresults were obtained from a study by Apostolo, Mendes andAzerdo on the Portuguese version of the DASS-21 (45).CFA was used to test the latent structure of the DASS. Fromthe fit statistics in Table 6, it is clear that model 3 is the best fittingmodel, with correlated factors and correlated errors. Figure 1shows the graphical presentation of this model. The conclusionfrom the CFA modeling is consistent with previous empiricalfindings; the depression, anxiety, and stress scales do representlegitimate constructs in their own right (8,23,38).To determine the cut-off scores of the Turkish version of theDASS-42, for a non-clinical student population, we used ROCanalysis. The results indicated a good level of accuracy andshowed that the Turkish version of the DASS-42 discerns 71% ofthe students with depression and 88% of the individuals withanxiety. The cut-off scores determined in the Turkish non-clinicalstudent population for minimal, mild, moderate, and severedepression and anxiety were similar to those proposed byLovibond and Lovibond (1).There were several limitations in this study. Firstly, all thedata regarding the psychometric properties of the DASS-42 wereobtained from self-reports. This may have caused recall bias andunderreporting. Secondly, a more heterogeneous sample wouldhave more accurately tested this measure as a screeninginstrument and therefore, the results of this study should belimited to Turkish adult student population and should not begeneralized.This study found the Turkish version of the DASS-42 a validand reliable instrument to assess the presence and severity ofdepressive symptomatology in the non-clinical adult Turkishstudent population. The DASS-42 is not a diagnostic tool, but abrief measure which can be used for screening purposes andassessment of the risk groups. Further validation studies areneeded on the use of the DASS-42 Turkish version in somaticpatients together with the studies using the Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria forindividuals with clinical depression (46). 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