and long term assistance in disaster relict, not only for coastallocations, hut sometimes well inland. While shiphornehelicopters can be particularly useful and ships may act aslogistic support bases, hospitals and command posts for longperiods, the specialist skills available in ships also mean thattheir personnel can be invaluable sources <strong>of</strong> trained manpowerfor rehabilitation and repair work. Naval forces are selfsupportingand do not create logistic burdens in situationswhere infrastructure has been destroyed or severely damaged.Disaster relief is one <strong>of</strong> die many activities to which navalforces can be expected to make an immediate and effectivecontribution with little or no warning.Defence Force Assistance to Allied and Friendly NationsDefence Force assistance can be provided to other countries ina wide variety <strong>of</strong> ways. In addition to those benign activitiesalready listed, maritime forces can exercise with and assistwith the training <strong>of</strong> other national forces to increase theireffectiveness. Examples include the provision <strong>of</strong> subsurface orair assets to practice the tactics <strong>of</strong> undersea and air warfare toa sophistication which is not possible in the absence <strong>of</strong> therelevant force elements, as well as the sharing <strong>of</strong> intelligenceand surveillance dala.Chapter STHE MOST IMPORTANTFACTOR• . - . ' „ .. v .THE HUMAN FACTOR[ It is not technology which gives the <strong>Navy</strong> capability bin theI way that technology is employed. <strong>The</strong> capabilities represented| by systems that can be effectively employed and sustainedtake many years to develop in maritime forces and they aremuch easier to lose than tlicy are to create. It is people whogenerate the real capabilities that (IK RAN's surface ships.! submarines, aircraft and support organisations represent.I People are thus the musl important factor lor the <strong>Navy</strong>'sj operations. <strong>The</strong> RAN has a history <strong>of</strong> achievement anilexcellence which provides a firm foundation for its currentactivities and for the future, but this Inundation is one thaican rapidly be eroded if wc do not give the<strong>Navy</strong>'s people the priority theydeserve.. Life at SeaLife at sea is unlike any other. <strong>The</strong> maritime environment istiring, demanding and unforgiving. Maritime operations are-•fcfct unremitting atteotion to the task in hand and maritimewarfare isTharacterised by long periods <strong>of</strong> surveillance andpatrol" followed by short bursts <strong>of</strong> intense and .destructivecombat.Peacetime operations require nearly the same degree <strong>of</strong>commitment and effort and they, too. can be arduous andunremitting. Officers and sailors in seagoing units-as well asthe soldiers and airmen who go with them-must live and workfor long periods in very close proximity to each other. Eventhe biggest ships are cramped and confined and all are subjectto the effects <strong>of</strong> weather and seastale. All in their crews mustbe constantly alert to the possibility <strong>of</strong> emergencies and theunexpected. Even in harbour, ships require watchkccpingpersonnel to ensure their safe operation and physicalintegrity.DisciplineIt follows from the nature <strong>of</strong> life at sea that naval discipline isas much self-discipline as it is externally imposed. <strong>The</strong>re areoccasions on which orders need to be obeyed instantly andw ithout question, but the key elements <strong>of</strong> naval discipline areco-operation and teamwork. Naval discipline at its best is theresult <strong>of</strong> a clear understanding <strong>of</strong> the code <strong>of</strong> hchaviouirequired 111 a war lighting and seagoing sen ice li pn»\ ides theframework b\ which personnel i .in o|«eiatc elle»n\el\ uudeithe strain, slun k and leai ol ui.iiiluue COIIIIK IMoraleMm oh IN defined .IN the state ol mind <strong>of</strong> a group <strong>of</strong> people asrcllcctcd by then behaviour under all conditions. Indeveloping morale, although it is a collective quality, it isnecessary to start with the individual as the way to stabilisethe group. <strong>The</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> high morale depends upon a way <strong>of</strong>life. Naval training must focus on the development <strong>of</strong> thequalities needed to create a spirit which, sustainedpr<strong>of</strong>essional mastery and leadership, will never acceptdefeat.BLeadershipLeadership in the maritime environment is as vital as that onland. Its nature and exercise nrc, however, different becausethe nature <strong>of</strong> what is done at sea and on land arc themselvesvery different. <strong>The</strong> focus at sea is on the effort <strong>of</strong> the entirecrew to place the combat instrument which is tlie ship into thecontrol <strong>of</strong> the directing mind <strong>of</strong> the commander. No bullet isfired, no nubile can be launched without specific commanddirection. With very few exceptions this applies even in themost intense <strong>of</strong> combat situations and it is never widelydelegated. By contrast, the infantry commander must lead hismen as individuals to make their singular contributions to thecombat effort in accordance with his intent. It is a fairgeneralisation to say that the aim <strong>of</strong> leadership at sea is theship's company and their ship as a fighting instrument and theaim on land is the individual as a fighting instrument.This means that leadership at sea depends vitally uponpr<strong>of</strong>essional competence, but in no way does it diminish theimportance <strong>of</strong> die human element. One advantage that theleader at sea possesses is that risk is shared by allthose onboard the ships involved incombat. <strong>The</strong> need for teamwork,the enclosed and confinednature <strong>of</strong> the shipboardenvironment andthe long andarduous nature<strong>of</strong> maritimeoperation Nsuch capability set forachievement will dependupon the operationalrequirement but no unitwill be deployedfor peacetimeservice untilit has^ • • W V 'ivUK.Ill lll.ltreached the Minimum Level <strong>of</strong> Operational Capabilityli .ulei--IIIII IIIIINI IK.(MLOC). An assessment as to whether a ship has achieved this\ ii.il. |H-rsonal and consistent. <strong>The</strong> crowning example <strong>of</strong> naval state will be made by the staff <strong>of</strong> the Sea Trainingleadership remains that <strong>of</strong> Lord Nelson, whose ability logenerate enthusiasm and devotion amongst his subordinates atevery level was a basic element <strong>of</strong> his success in battle. Anoutstanding <strong>Australia</strong>n naval leader was Captain 'Hec' WallerCroup. Certain threats or contingencies will require priority tobe given to particular warfare areas or techniques, while otherscan be held at designated peacetime standards. This focusingallows the most efficient allocation <strong>of</strong> resources, as well aswhose command <strong>of</strong> IIMAS Stuart (1) and the 'Scrap Ironensuring that forces are provided as quickly as possible.Flotilla' in 1039-41 set a standard recognisedDesignating the standards required for peacetimeby all who knew him.operations is a particularly important process. It must draw aTraining<strong>The</strong> processes by which men andbalance between achieving standards which will make thetransition to battle readiness as rapid as possible, as well aswomen are trained for improving pr<strong>of</strong>essional performance generally, and not askingmaritime combat involve more <strong>of</strong> personnel than they are able to give, not just in a singlework up or commission, but for an entire seagoing career.ptfjfBattle Readiness and Combat Stress_ , Units must be in a battle ready state before theyentei the area <strong>of</strong> operations. This condition isnot something that is wholly susceptible toobjective measurement and its attainment must bea matter <strong>of</strong> judgement on the part <strong>of</strong> thoseresponsible for combat training and those who willcommand the operation. In reality, the preparations fordeployment will be working against time and the package<strong>of</strong> preparative training will almost always be a compromisebetween operational imj .-ratives and training ideals. It isalmost certain that units will not achieve their highest degree•>;.->' both individual and collective <strong>of</strong> battle readiness until they have actually had someefltotis. <strong>The</strong> complexities <strong>of</strong> modem experience <strong>of</strong> combat and developed confidence in their own• nbatants tAd the systems that they carry mean fighting abilities and in those <strong>of</strong> the other units with whichthat uaval personnel <strong>of</strong> all ranks and specialisations require they operate. This will be particularly true in the case <strong>of</strong>,jointintelligence and a high level <strong>of</strong> education from the outset, or coalition operations, in which pre-existing 'sharedwhile the provision <strong>of</strong> quality basic and specialist training onentry Is essential, particularly in an eia <strong>of</strong> minimum manningconcepts. It is a reality, however, that the individual's trainingas a sailor will not be completed until after he or she has hadexperience is less likely.<strong>The</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> a battle ready state is one oC^thc -primary responsibilities ol commanders. <strong>The</strong>y must be able to 4demand.the utmost from their people and systems withoutihe first hand experience <strong>of</strong> seagoing.Units newly commissioned or operational after extendedperiods <strong>of</strong> leave and maintenance, both <strong>of</strong> which usuallyinvolve considerable changeover <strong>of</strong> personnel, cannot beexhausting them beyond the point <strong>of</strong> no return. This<strong>of</strong> effort also applies to commanders themselves,must be able to maintain their personal efficiencyconserve their strength for the critical periods. Crew-expected to conduct operations with any degree <strong>of</strong> efficiency. and mutual trust and support are essential factors in sustaining- *Ships in these circumstances require to conduct harbour battle readiness.training nnd systemch&JS^heff>re they go to sea to shakedown to achieve minimum standards <strong>of</strong> safety and work up HMAS KANIMBLA (clocefl t«. earner*) and HMAS ADELAIDE in the^to achieve the operational capability requited. <strong>The</strong> level <strong>of</strong> Persian Gulf conductinc emhar?o/sanciiom enforcement operations, (RAN)THE NAVY
US <strong>Navy</strong> announcesDDX decision<strong>The</strong> USN has announced lhai IngallsShipbuilding Inc.. Northrop GrummanShip Systems (NGSS) has been selectedas the lead design agent for the DDXship program.This includes the award <strong>of</strong> a costplusaward-fee contract in the amount <strong>of</strong>US$2.9 billion for design agentactivities such as the systems design <strong>of</strong>the DDX destroyer, and the design,construction and test <strong>of</strong> its majorsubsystems. NGSS was the leader <strong>of</strong> ateam <strong>of</strong> contractors called the 'GoldTeam' that included Raytheon SystemsCo. as the combat systems integrator,and a number <strong>of</strong> other companies.Gold Team's proposal alsoincorporated Blue Team' member BathIron Works (BIW) as a subcontractor toperform DDX design and test activities,which will ensure BIW will have theability to produce a detailed DDXdesign and build these ships in thefuture.<strong>The</strong> award <strong>of</strong> the DDX DesignAgent contract signals the start <strong>of</strong> arevolution for the USN's surfacecombatant fleet, with the development<strong>of</strong> transformational technologies thatwill create new capabilities whilereducing crew size and yieldingsignificant combat advantage. DDX isthe foundation <strong>of</strong> a family <strong>of</strong> surfaceFlash Trafficcombatants, including a future cruiser.CGX. and littoral combat ship (LCS).providing the US with what is hopedto be a balanced set <strong>of</strong> war-fightingcapabilities to meet the nationalsecurity requirements in the 21stcentury.<strong>The</strong> award <strong>of</strong> the DDX DesignAgent contract marks the beginning <strong>of</strong> anew family <strong>of</strong> surface combatants." saidEdward C. Pete' Aldridge Jr.. UnderSecretary <strong>of</strong> Defense for Acquisition.Technology and Logistics. "Thisprogram and its spiral developmentapproach will be the model for <strong>Navy</strong>acquisition in the years to come. DDX isthe Joint Strike Fighter equivalent forshipbuilding."<strong>The</strong> DDX program will provide abaseline for spiral development <strong>of</strong> theDDX and the future cruiser or CGXwith emphasis on common hull-formand technology development. Advancedcombat system technology andnetworking capabilities from DDX andCGX will be leveraged in the spiraldevelopment <strong>of</strong> the littoral combat shipto produce a survivable. capable nearlandplatform for the 21st century. <strong>The</strong>intent is to innovatively combinethe transformational technologiesdeveloped in the DDX program withthe many ongoing R&D effortsinvolving mission focused surfaceships to produce a state-<strong>of</strong>-the-artsurface combatant to defeat adversaryG o l d Proposed Systems0nlft»4IW«r H* SmM" .~ - wo,**** : r• „ 'J* ... »11 %••«•»•••»•».» »»•»>».«»«»•' M>>*»« » U>
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