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AMD64 Technology 24594 Rev. 3.10 February 20052.2 Reference-Page Format• “x87 Floating-Point Instruction Reference” in Volume 5—Thex87 instructions are used in legacy floating-pointapplications. Most of these instructions load, store, oroperate on data located in the x87 ST(0)–ST(7) stackregisters (the FPR0–FPR7 physical registers). Theremaining instructions within this category are used tomanage the x87 floating-point environment.The description of each instruction covers its behavior in alloperating modes, including legacy mode (real, virtual-8086, andprotected modes) and long mode (compatibility and 64-bitmodes). Details of certain kinds of complex behavior—such ascontrol-flow changes in CALL, INT, or FXSAVE instructions—have cross-references in the instruction-detail pages to detaileddescriptions in volumes 1 and 2.Two instructions—CMPSD and MOVSD—use the samemnemonic for different instructions. Assemblers candistinguish them on the basis of the number and type ofoperands with which they are used.Figure 2-1 on page 29 shows the format of an instruction-detailpage. The instruction mnemonic is shown in bold at the top-left,along with its name. In this example, POPFD is the mnemonicand POP to EFLAGS Doubleword is the name. Next, there is ageneral description of the instruction’s operation. Manydescriptions have cross-references to more detail in other partsof the manual.Beneath the general description, the mnemonic is shown again,together with the related opcode(s) and a description summary.Related instructions are listed below this, followed by a tableshowing the flags that the instruction can affect. Finally, eachinstruction has a summary of the possible exceptions that canoccur when executing the instruction. The columns labeled“Real” and “Virtual-8086” apply only to execution in legacymode. The column labeled “Protected” applies both to legacymode and long mode, because long mode is a superset of legacyprotected mode.The 128-bit and 64-bit media instructions also have diagramsillustrating the operation. A few instructions have examples orpseudocode describing the action.28 Chapter 2: Instruction Overview
24594 Rev. 3.10 February 2005 AMD64 TechnologyMnemonic and any operands Opcode Description of operation24594 Rev. 3.07 September 2003 AMD64 TechnologyAAMASCII Adjust After MultiplyConverts the value in the AL register from binary to two unpacked BCD digits in theAH (most significant) and AL (least significant) registers using the following formula:AH = (AL/10d)AL = (AL mod 10d).In most modern assemblers, the AAM instruction adjusts to base-10 values. However,by coding the instruction directly in binary, it can adjust to any base specified by theimmediate byte value (ib) suffixed onto the D4h opcode. For example, code D408h foroctal, D40Ah for decimal, and D40Ch for duodecimal (base 12).Using this instruction in 64-bit mode generates an invalid-opcode exception.Mnemonic Opcode DescriptionAAM D4 0A Create a pair of unpacked BCD values in AH and AL.(Invalid in 64-bit mode.)(None) D4 ib Create a pair of unpacked values to the immediate byte base.(Invalid in 64-bit mode.)Related InstructionsAAA, AAD, AASrFLAGS AffectedID VIP VIF AC VM RF NT IOPL OF DF IF TF SF ZF AF PF CFU M M U M U21 20 19 18 17 16 14 13–12 11 10 9 8 7 6 4 2 0Note: Bits 31–22, 15, 5, 3, and 1 are reserved. A flag set to 1 or cleared to 0 is M. Unaffected flags are blank. Undefined flags are U.ExceptionsException RealVirtual8086 Protected Cause of ExceptionDivide by zero, #DE X X X 8-bit immediate value was 0.Invalid opcode, #UD X This instruction was executed in 64-bit mode.“M” means the flag is either set orcleared, depending on the result.AAM 63Possible exceptionsand causes, by modeof operation“Protected” columncovers both legacyand long modeAlphabetic mnemonic locatorFigure 2-1.Format of Instruction-Detail PagesChapter 2: Instruction Overview 29
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