Evolution and Biodiversity Laboratory Systematics and Taxonomy I ...

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In the case of competing cladograms, the rule of parsimony would require that weaccept the simplest cladogram, the one with the fewest "steps" to each of the taxa onthe tree. In our example, we could hypothesize that OTU 6 is actually more closelyrelated to OTU 1 than to OTU 4. However, this would require that character g (fusedeyes) had been evolved once, and then secondarily lost in both OTUs 4 and 6. This isless parsimonious than stating fused eyes evolved only once, in OTU 1.Cladistics and Linnaean ClassificationGiven an hypothesis of evolutionary relationships, the second step in biosystematicendeavor is to erect a classification that faithfully reflects those relationships. Becausethe results of a cladistic analysis (i.e., the cladogram) are heirarchical, they can easilybe incorporated into the Linnaean hierarchy, as shown in Figure ST-9.In cladistic analysis, all taxa must be monophyletic, meaning that they must includethe common ancestor (almost always hypothetical) and all descendants of that commonancestor. Thus, in the cladogram above, OTUs 2 and 7 together with their commonancestor (at the branch point just below them) constitute a monophyletic genus, as doOTUs 1,4,6 and 8 and their common ancestor (at the branch point just above theappearance of character d).A Family consisting of only OTUs 2 and 7 would not be monophyletic, because itdoes not include all the descendants of the common ancestor (at the branch point justbelow character d). Such a group would be considered paraphyletic (containing some,but not all, of a particular ancestor's descendants).A Family consisting of OTUs 2 and 7 plus OTUs 3 and 5 would be consideredpolyphyletic (consisting of species derived from more than one most recent commonancestor). This is because such a taxon would be made up of groups descended fromboth the ancestor just below the appearance of character h, and the one just below theappearance of characters c and e.Order Caminalcula:Family 1Genus 1Species 2Species 7Genus 2Species 1Species 4Species 6Species 8Family 2Genus 3Species 3Species 5Figure ST-9. Incorporated results of a cladistic analysis showing Linnaeanrelationships among the OTUs.systematics-18
Exercise: Constructing a Cladogram Based on SynapomorphiesUsing the Caminalcules in the packet at your lab station, go through the steps ofsample cladistic analysis we did for the Caminalcules in Figure ST-4. Use the spacesand matrix provided to choose shared, derived characters that help you group the OTUsinto taxa that reflect their hypothetical evolutionary relationships. Finally, in the spaceprovided, draw a cladogram of your Caminalcules, showing the appearance of eachcharacter, as we did in Figure ST-9.character state of character if (+) state of character if (-)abcdefghcharacterabcdefghOTUsQuestions1. The results of phenetic and cladistic analysies are inherently hierarchical, as is thebranching sequence of the evolution of organisms. So, too, is the Linnaeanclassificatory system of ever more inclusive taxonomic categories from species, Genus,Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom and Domain. Can you name some otherhierarchical classification systems (not necessarily biological)?2. Taxonomists were erecting classifications of organisms long before Darwinconvinced biologists of the reality of evolution. Some of these taxonomists believed inthe fixity of species and in special creation. Nevertheless, in some respects, these pre-Darwinian classifications are rather similar to those produced later by evolutionarytaxonomists. Why do you think this is so?Use the following page to draw your cladogram. This page and yourcladogram will be turned in to your TA for grading.systematics-19
Page 1 and 2: Evolution and Biodiversity Laborato
Page 3 and 4: Organisms are not randomly classifi
Page 5 and 6: A Key to the Hardware of Southern F
Page 7 and 8: To classify an unknown organism mor
Page 9 and 10: List five homologous characters you
Page 11 and 12: determined by identification of syn
Page 13 and 14: Rule #3: There is no such thing as
Page 15 and 16: The hypothetical animals used in th
Page 17: common ancestry among these three O

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