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Chloride conc. (ppm)NaK Temp. (°C)Olkaria reservoir response40Ofwona3501200Well OW-2Well OW-10Well OW-25300800250200400150Well OW-2Well Ow-10Well OW-2501980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year1001980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005YearFIGURE 19: Chloride variationsFIGURE 20: NaK geothermometer resultsOnly well OW-34 has had silica deposition problem on surface equipment but studies have shown thatthis problem is unique to this well and that this deposition has not affected the wellbore or its output.4. FUTURE RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT IN OLKARIAOlkaria I plant and reservoir have been in operation since 1981 and have performed very well.Average plant availability factor and overall load factor has been over 96%. The plant is nowapproaching its design life of 25 years but is still in good condition. The only major repair done wasreplacement of unit 1 generator coil in 2003. Unit 2 generator coil is now being replaced. The wellscurrently have about 280 t/hr more steam than what is required to generate 48 MWe. The deepreservoir is still unexploited as has been proved by deepening of well OW-5 and has had very littlepressure drawdown. There is also evidence that it has good recharge from the periphery and an areafor expansion still exist to the south and to the east of the field. Currently, studies are beingundertaken to find ways of optimizing the generation and the reservoir. After the optimization study,it will then be decided whether to increase production from the reservoir and by how much or to keepthe current installed generation plants. However, because of the positive response of the reservoirduring its production history, it is felt that it is underutilized and increased production is expected inthe future. Production drilling in Olkaria Domes will also start soon and hot re-injection in Olkaria Iwill be enhanced.REFERENCESAmbusso, W.J., 1994: Results of injection and tracer tests in Olkaria geothermal field. Proceedings ofthe 19 th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Ca, 155-160.Brown, P.R.L., 1984: Subsurface stratigraphy and alteration of the Eastern section of the Olkariageothermal field, Kenya. Proceedings of the 6 th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, Universityof Auckland, NZ, 33-42.Glover, R.I., 1972: Chemical characteristics of water and steam discharges in the rift valley. U.N.Geothermal Exploration Project, report.
Ofwona41Olkaria reservoir responseKenya Power Co. Ltd., 1977: Report on geothermal development at Olkaria. KPC, internal report.Kenya Power Co. Ltd., 1981: Recommendations for further geothermal exploration at Olkaria. KPC,internal report.Kenya Power Co. Ltd., 1985: Olkaria geothermal project. Status report on steam production. KPC,internal report.Muchemi, G.G., 1999: Conceptualized model of the Olkaria geothermal field. Kenya ElectricityGenerating Co. Ltd., internal report.Mwangi, M.N., 2000: Country update report for Kenya 1995-1999.Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyoto-Tohoku, Japan, 327-334.Proceedings of the WorldMwawongo, G.M., 2004: Status report on steam production. Assessment of the reservoir in OlkariaNortheast and steam status. Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd., report.Naylor, W.I., 1972: Geology of the Eburru and Olkaria prospects. U.N. Geothermal ExplorationProject, report.Odongo, M.E.O., 1993: A geological review of Olkaria geothermal reservoir based on structure.Proceedings of the 15 th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, University of Auckland, NZ,169-173.Ofwona, C.O., 1996: Analysis of injection and tracer tests data from the Olkaria–East geothermalfield, Kenya. Report 10 in: Geothermal Training in Iceland 1996. UNU-GTP, Iceland, 197-218Ofwona, C.O., 2002: A reservoir study of Olkaria East geothermal system, Kenya. MSc. Thesis,University of Iceland, UNU-GTP, Iceland, report 1, 86 pp.Ofwona, C.O., 2003. An update of the natural state numerical model of Olkaria geothermal system,Kenya. Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd, report.Simiyu, S.M., 1998: Shear wave attenuation beneath the Olkaria Volcanic field. Kenya ElectricityGenerating Company Ltd., report.Simiyu, S.M., and Malin, P.E., 2000: A “volcanoseismic” approach to geothermal exploration andreservoir monitoring: Olkaria, Kenya and Casa Diablo, USA. Proceedings of the WorldGeothermal Congress 2000, Kyoto-Tohoku, Japan, 1759-1763.Svanbjörnsson, A., Mattiasson, J., Frimannsson, H., Arnorsson, S., Bjornsson, S., Stefansson, V., andSaemundsson, K., 1983: Overview of geothermal development at Olkaria in Kenya. Proceedingsof the 9 th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Ca., 65-72.Sweco and Virkir, 1976: Feasibility report for the Olkaria Geothermal Project. Report for UnitedNations and the Government of Kenya.Wambugu, J.M., 1996: Assessment of Olkaria-Northeast geothermal reservoir, Kenya based on welldischarge chemistry. Report 20 in: Geothermal Training in Iceland 1996. UNU-GTP, Iceland,481-509.
Page 2 and 3: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Repor
Page 4 and 5: Lectures iii MwangiTABLE OF CONTENT
Page 6 and 7: Lectures v Mwangi2. WORLD GEOTHERMA
Page 8 and 9: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMMEMwangi
Page 10 and 11: Mburu and Mwangi 3 Geothermal devel
Page 14 and 15: STEAM OUTPUT (t/hr)Mburu and Mwangi
Page 18 and 19: Mburu and Mwangi 11 Geothermal deve
Page 20 and 21: Mburu and Mwangi 13 Geothermal deve
Page 22: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMMEMwangi
Page 26 and 27: Bw’Obuya and Omenda19Development
Page 28 and 29: NorthingsBw’Obuya and Omenda21Dev
Page 30 and 31: NorthingsBw’Obuya and Omenda23Dev
Page 36 and 37: Olkaria reservoir response30OfwonaD
Page 38 and 39: Olkaria reservoir responseaway from
Page 40 and 41: Elevation (masl)Northings (km)Olkar
Page 42 and 43: Olkaria reservoir response36Ofwona3
Page 44 and 45: Depth (m)Depth (m)Pressure Drawdown
Page 50 and 51: Northings + 10,000 (km)Mwawongo 43
Page 52 and 53: Mwawongo 45 Kenya’s prospects out
Page 60 and 61: Simiyu and Mwangi 53 Geothermal edu

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