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Bw’Obuya and Omenda27Development of conceptual model of OlkariaNoble, J.W., and Ojiambo, S.B., 1975: Geothermal exploration in Kenya. Proceedings of the 2 nd U.N.Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Franciso, 189-204.Omenda, P.A., 1994: The geological structure of the Olkaria West geothermal field, Kenya.Proceedings of the 19 th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Ca,125-130.Omenda, P.A., 1998: The geology and structural controls of the Olkaria geothermal system, Kenya.Geothermics, 27-1.Omenda, P.A., 2000: Anatectic origin for comendite in Olkaria geothermal field, Kenya rift:geochemical evidence for syenitic protolith. African J. Sci. Technology, 1, 39-47.Onacha S.A., 1993: Resistivity studies of the Olkaria-Domes geothermal project. KenGen, internalreport.Ross, H.P., Smith, C., Glenn, W.E., Atwood, J.W., and Whipple, R.W., 1979: Numerical modellingand interpretation of dipole dipole resistivity data of Olkaria field, Kenya. Univ of Utah for UN,report.Simiyu, S.M., and Keller, G.R., 1997: Integrated geophysical analysis of the East African Plateau fromgravity anomalies and recent seismic studies. Tectonophysics, 278, 291-314.Simiyu, S.M., Oduong, E.O., and Mboya, T.K., 1998a: Shear wave attenuation beneath the Olkariavolcanic field. KenGen, internal report, 30 pp.Simiyu, S.M., Oduong, E.O., and Mboya, T.K., 1998b: Seismic wave parameter analysis at Olkaria,Kenya. KenGen, internal report, 38 pp.Simiyu, S.M., 1999: Seismic application to geothermal evaluation and exploitation, Southern LakeNaivasha. Proceedings of the 24 th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, StanfordUniversity, Ca.
GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMMEMwangi, M.: Geothermal in Kenya and AfricaReports 2005Number 4, 29-40LECTURE 3OLKARIA RESERVOIR RESPONSE TO EXPLOITATIONAND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTCornel OfwonaKenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd,Olkaria Geothermal ProjectP.O. Box 785, Naivasha 20117KENYAcofwona@kengen.co.keABSTRACTExploitation of Olkaria field started in 1981 when Olkaria East reservoir beganproducing steam for the 45 MWe Olkaria I power plant. Exploitation of OlkariaWest reservoir started in 2000 with installation of 13 MWe Ormat binary plant,Olkaria Northeast in 2003 with 70 MWe conventional plant and Northwest in 2004with 2.1 MWe Ormat binary plant. Well OW-101 has been in commercialexploitation for supply of heat and carbondioxide for flower growing since 2003.Performance of Olkaria East reservoir for the last 23 years has been quite goodwith minimal drawdown of about 22 bar in the deep reservoir. Only eight make-upwells have been drilled and were first connected in 1995. Enthalpies haveremained high (>2000 kJ/kg) and total steam available has been in excess sinceconnection of the make-up wells. Well OW-5 was deepened from 901 m to 2200m to tap deeper parts of the reservoir. Production drilling in Olkaria Domes andthe re-assessment of the capacity of the field are planned after completion of acurrent optimization study.1. INTRODUCTIONExploration of Olkaria geothermal field started in 1956. This early exploration work involved drillingof two wells, X1 and X2, both of which were sited on the basis of surface manifestations. Well X1which was drilled to 502 m, encountered dry steam at a relatively shallow depth but the flow could notbe sustained. The bottom hole temperature was 120°C. Well X2 was drilled to 942 m and encounteredhigh temperatures (245°C) at the bottom but proved difficult to discharge. It produced a low enthalpyfluid at low wellhead pressure and work was stopped in 1959. Interest in geothermal developmentthen subsided until after mid 1960’s when reconnaissance geophysical survey was carried out in theRift Valley between Lake Bogoria and Olkaria in 1967. The survey identified Olkaria, Eburru andLake Bogoria as suitable areas for further prospecting (KPC 1981; KPC 1985).In 1970, the Olkaria Geothermal Project that was jointly financed by UNDP and the KenyaGovernment was started. Extensive exploration work consisting of well data analysis, geologicalmapping, geophysical and geochemical surveys were carried out. In 1972, well X2 was discharged andcontinuously produced for a year before being shut-in. Glover (1972) also gave an estimation of thenatural heat loss from the geothermal system to be close to 400 MWt with 90 % of this coming fromsteam discharge. On the basis of the success in producing steam from well X2, the good surfaceexploration results and good access to Olkaria, a technical review meeting was held in 1972 whichrecommended drilling of four more exploration wells.29
Page 2 and 3: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Repor
Page 4 and 5: Lectures iii MwangiTABLE OF CONTENT
Page 6 and 7: Lectures v Mwangi2. WORLD GEOTHERMA
Page 8 and 9: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMMEMwangi
Page 10 and 11: Mburu and Mwangi 3 Geothermal devel
Page 14 and 15: STEAM OUTPUT (t/hr)Mburu and Mwangi
Page 18 and 19: Mburu and Mwangi 11 Geothermal deve
Page 20 and 21: Mburu and Mwangi 13 Geothermal deve
Page 22: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMMEMwangi
Page 26 and 27: Bw’Obuya and Omenda19Development
Page 28 and 29: NorthingsBw’Obuya and Omenda21Dev
Page 30 and 31: NorthingsBw’Obuya and Omenda23Dev
Page 32 and 33: Bw’Obuya and Omenda25Development
Page 36 and 37: Olkaria reservoir response30OfwonaD
Page 38 and 39: Olkaria reservoir responseaway from
Page 40 and 41: Elevation (masl)Northings (km)Olkar
Page 42 and 43: Olkaria reservoir response36Ofwona3
Page 44 and 45: Depth (m)Depth (m)Pressure Drawdown
Page 46 and 47: Chloride conc. (ppm)NaK Temp. (°C)
Page 50 and 51: Northings + 10,000 (km)Mwawongo 43
Page 52 and 53: Mwawongo 45 Kenya’s prospects out
Page 60 and 61: Simiyu and Mwangi 53 Geothermal edu

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