Part 1

NOx + HC (g/kW-hr)EVOLUTION OF KEY TECHNOLOGIES - OFF-ROAD15EPA MOH Tier 4 > 751 bhpUnregulated1050Tier 2 (2006)Tier 1 (2000)Tier 4 Interim (2011)Tier 4 Final (2015)0.1 0.5 1.0Tier 1• Tier Regulations 2 introduced• Injection Combustion timing trade-off retardation more difficult• Combustion optimization• Tier Advanced 4 Interim fuel systems• Aftertreatment introducedTier • SCR 4 or Final CEGR technology• Since Tier 1 - reduced 62% NOx & 93% PM• Technology to be determinedAt Tier 4 Final NOx and PM at insignificant levelsCEGR – Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation, SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction, DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter, PM – Particulate Matter, NOx – Oxides of NitrogenPM (g/kW-hr)Copyright © 2000-2012 Cummins Inc. All rights reserved. Presented at the Shell Technology Forum, October 2012