Journal of European Integration History – Revue d'histoire de l'

Journal of European Integration History – Revue d'histoire de l' Journal of European Integration History – Revue d'histoire de l'

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36Markus SchulteThe literature has described the formulation of West Germany’s European policyin the years 1957 to 1963 mainly in terms of the conflict between Adenauer andErhard and attributed Adenauer’s success essentially to his personal authority andthe constitutional powers invested in the office of chancellor 4 . While Erhardclaimed to represent West Germany’s economic interest, Adenauer mainly pursuedobjectives of security policy and the long-term goal of German unification. Therole of German industry in this debate has mostly been identified with the BDI,seen as acting as a powerful force behind Erhard in favour of the free trade area(FTA) plan, of British accession to the EEC, and in the end of even something likean Atlantic free trade area 5 . If this view is correct, it was Adenauer and practicallyAdenauer alone who pushed through his policy objectives against a firmly unitedfront of politicians from all parties, including his own CDU, against the cabinet andthe Bundestag and against German industry.Yet, as is argued in the author’s recent PhD thesis, the reasons for West Germany'sdecision to side with the French, to opt for the “small European” solution ofthe common market of the Six and to keep Britain out for the time being cannotsimply be found in Adenauer's constitutional power and personal authority in mattersof foreign policy. This article presents some evidence that the federal chancellorcould also capitalise on the internal divisions of German industrial interest andon the fact that German industry came to appreciate the blessings of the EEC bothin terms of increased protection against other European competitors and in terms of3. Der Bundeskanzler an den Herrn Präsidenten des Deutschen Bundestages, 26. März 1963,(Drucksache IV/1157) und Anlagen; Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. 4. Wahlperiode.Anlagen zu den stenographischen Jahresberichten. Vol. 84, Drucksachen IV/1081 bis IV/1280.Bonn 1963: Schriftlicher Bericht des Ausschusses für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (3. Ausschuß)über den von der Bundesregierung eingebrachten Entwurf eines Gesetzes zu der gemeinsamenErklärung und zu dem Vertrag vom 22. Januar 1963 zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland undder Französischen Republik über die deutsch-französische Zusammenarbeit. (Drucksache IV/1252),see in particular p. 10.4. See D. KOERFER, Kampf ums Kanzleramt. Erhard und Adenauer, Stuttgart 1987, p. 145; D. KO-ERFER, Wirtschaftspolitische Kontroversen zwischen Konrad Adenauer und Ludwig Erhard (1956-1963). In: H. Pohl [ed.], Adenauers Verhältnis zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, (Rhöndorfer Gespräche,12), Bonn 1992, pp. 33-45; H. J. KÜSTERS, Der Streit um Kompetenzen und Konzeptionendeutscher Europapolitik 1949-1958. In: W. BÜHRER [et al.] [eds.], Vom Marshallplan zur EWG.Die Eingliederung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die westliche Welt, (Quellen und Darstellungenzur Zeitgeschichte, 30), München 1990, pp. 335-370; H. VON DER GROEBEN, Aufbaujahreder Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Das Ringen um den Gemeinsamen Markt und die Politische Union(1958-1966), Baden-Baden 1982, p. 75; Karl Dietrich Bracher has discussed the term 'Kanzlerdemokratie'as encompassing the constitutional and personal aspects of the Federal Republic duringAdenauer's tenure. See BRACHER, K. D.: Die Kanzlerdemokratie. In: R. LOEWENTHAL/ H.-P.SCHWARZ [eds.], Die Zweite Republik. 25 Jahre Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine Bilanz, Stuttgart1974, pp. 179-202.5. See W. BÜHRER, Der BDI und die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik in den fünfziger Jahren. In:“VfZG” 40(1992), p. 260; T. RHENISCH, Die deutsche Industrie und die Gründung der EuropäischenWirtschaftsgemeinschaft, Florenz 1994, pp. 172-185, 294; G. BRAUNTHAL, The Federationof German Industry in Politics, Ithaca, New York 1965, pp. 320-322; E. E. MAHANT,French and German Attitudes to the Negotiations about the European Economic Community, 1955-1957, London 1969, pp. 285-286.

Industrial Interest in West Germany´s Decision 37increased export opportunities to France and Italy. While the BDI's positionremained practically unchanged throughout, sectoral industrial interests, whichwere far from being uniform anyway, shifted in such a way as to weaken supportfor the free trade area solution and to strengthen considerably the inclination tofirmly hold on to the EEC of the Six and of the Six only. That this change of heart ofa number of sectors of German industry is not reflected in the statements made bythe BDI might be partly explained by the fact that the BDI did not systematicallygather and aggregate particular industrial interests but rather had to establish andrepresent what it saw as the general interest of German industry and in particular ofthe strong and expanding sectors. While the archival documents to this effect arepresented in the author’s PhD thesis, this article assembles some of the statisticalevidence which corroborates the divisions of interest within German industry.These divisions of interest which are expressed here quantitatively match veryclosely with the qualitative evidence presented elsewhere 6 .One important finding of this article is that the FTA, British accession to theEEC and the prospect of an Atlantic free trade area certainly did not have the strongsupport from sectoral associations of German industry which these projects arealleged to have enjoyed and which was expressed in most of the BDI’s own publicstatements on these questions. The balance of sectoral interests and the potential ofthese interests for being successfully represented at the political level made theEEC of the Six and of the Six only the clear preference of a number of sectors,while in others this option came to be seen as much more acceptable than it hadbeen regarded at the beginning.This article offers thus an additional explanation as to why and how Adenauerwas able to get away with his collusion with de Gaulle against the express will ofthe federal parliament, his cabinet and the majority of his own parliamentary party.It presents trade statistics relating to a number of sectors of German industry, inparticular to those whose trade associations made their voices heard in the debatesover the Europe-wide free trade area, the split between EEC and EFTA and theBritish application for membership in the EEC. The sectors which feared the competitionfrom the OEEC/OECD members outside the Community will be looked atwith particular interest here, since it was they who were able to exert pressures ongovernmental actors most successfully and who obtained more attention than anyof those who were likely to be the winners in the free trade area and from Britishaccession. In order to deliver a more complete picture the statistical evidence concerningthese potential winners from any such arrangement will also be looked at.The statistical exercise undertaken in order to assess the impact which the tradediscrimination between EEC and EFTA made on German foreign trade in industrialgoods according to sectors is fairly simple. What has been done to estimate the“EEC-effect” or the “EFTA-effect” on German foreign trade was to calculate thetrend of German foreign trade with the other EEC partners and with the EFTAmembers (Portugal was not included) for the period of 1953 to 1958 7 , to extrapo-6. See M. SCHULTE, Industry, Politics and Trade Discrimination.

36Markus SchulteThe literature has <strong>de</strong>scribed the formulation <strong>of</strong> West Germany’s <strong>European</strong> policyin the years 1957 to 1963 mainly in terms <strong>of</strong> the conflict between A<strong>de</strong>nauer andErhard and attributed A<strong>de</strong>nauer’s success essentially to his personal authority andthe constitutional powers invested in the <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> chancellor 4 . While Erhardclaimed to represent West Germany’s economic interest, A<strong>de</strong>nauer mainly pursuedobjectives <strong>of</strong> security policy and the long-term goal <strong>of</strong> German unification. Therole <strong>of</strong> German industry in this <strong>de</strong>bate has mostly been i<strong>de</strong>ntified with the BDI,seen as acting as a powerful force behind Erhard in favour <strong>of</strong> the free tra<strong>de</strong> area(FTA) plan, <strong>of</strong> British accession to the EEC, and in the end <strong>of</strong> even something likean Atlantic free tra<strong>de</strong> area 5 . If this view is correct, it was A<strong>de</strong>nauer and practicallyA<strong>de</strong>nauer alone who pushed through his policy objectives against a firmly unitedfront <strong>of</strong> politicians from all parties, including his own CDU, against the cabinet andthe Bun<strong>de</strong>stag and against German industry.Yet, as is argued in the author’s recent PhD thesis, the reasons for West Germany's<strong>de</strong>cision to si<strong>de</strong> with the French, to opt for the “small <strong>European</strong>” solution <strong>of</strong>the common market <strong>of</strong> the Six and to keep Britain out for the time being cannotsimply be found in A<strong>de</strong>nauer's constitutional power and personal authority in matters<strong>of</strong> foreign policy. This article presents some evi<strong>de</strong>nce that the fe<strong>de</strong>ral chancellorcould also capitalise on the internal divisions <strong>of</strong> German industrial interest andon the fact that German industry came to appreciate the blessings <strong>of</strong> the EEC bothin terms <strong>of</strong> increased protection against other <strong>European</strong> competitors and in terms <strong>of</strong>3. Der Bun<strong>de</strong>skanzler an <strong>de</strong>n Herrn Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten <strong>de</strong>s Deutschen Bun<strong>de</strong>stages, 26. März 1963,(Drucksache IV/1157) und Anlagen; Verhandlungen <strong>de</strong>s Deutschen Bun<strong>de</strong>stages. 4. Wahlperio<strong>de</strong>.Anlagen zu <strong>de</strong>n stenographischen Jahresberichten. Vol. 84, Drucksachen IV/1081 bis IV/1280.Bonn 1963: Schriftlicher Bericht <strong>de</strong>s Ausschusses für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (3. Ausschuß)über <strong>de</strong>n von <strong>de</strong>r Bun<strong>de</strong>sregierung eingebrachten Entwurf eines Gesetzes zu <strong>de</strong>r gemeinsamenErklärung und zu <strong>de</strong>m Vertrag vom 22. Januar 1963 zwischen <strong>de</strong>r Bun<strong>de</strong>srepublik Deutschland und<strong>de</strong>r Französischen Republik über die <strong>de</strong>utsch-französische Zusammenarbeit. (Drucksache IV/1252),see in particular p. 10.4. See D. KOERFER, Kampf ums Kanzleramt. Erhard und A<strong>de</strong>nauer, Stuttgart 1987, p. 145; D. KO-ERFER, Wirtschaftspolitische Kontroversen zwischen Konrad A<strong>de</strong>nauer und Ludwig Erhard (1956-1963). In: H. Pohl [ed.], A<strong>de</strong>nauers Verhältnis zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, (Rhöndorfer Gespräche,12), Bonn 1992, pp. 33-45; H. J. KÜSTERS, Der Streit um Kompetenzen und Konzeptionen<strong>de</strong>utscher Europapolitik 1949-1958. In: W. BÜHRER [et al.] [eds.], Vom Marshallplan zur EWG.Die Einglie<strong>de</strong>rung <strong>de</strong>r Bun<strong>de</strong>srepublik Deutschland in die westliche Welt, (Quellen und Darstellungenzur Zeitgeschichte, 30), München 1990, pp. 335-370; H. VON DER GROEBEN, Aufbaujahre<strong>de</strong>r Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Das Ringen um <strong>de</strong>n Gemeinsamen Markt und die Politische Union(1958-1966), Ba<strong>de</strong>n-Ba<strong>de</strong>n 1982, p. 75; Karl Dietrich Bracher has discussed the term 'Kanzler<strong>de</strong>mokratie'as encompassing the constitutional and personal aspects <strong>of</strong> the Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Republic duringA<strong>de</strong>nauer's tenure. See BRACHER, K. D.: Die Kanzler<strong>de</strong>mokratie. In: R. LOEWENTHAL/ H.-P.SCHWARZ [eds.], Die Zweite Republik. 25 Jahre Bun<strong>de</strong>srepublik Deutschland <strong>–</strong> eine Bilanz, Stuttgart1974, pp. 179-202.5. See W. BÜHRER, Der BDI und die Außenpolitik <strong>de</strong>r Bun<strong>de</strong>srepublik in <strong>de</strong>n fünfziger Jahren. In:“VfZG” 40(1992), p. 260; T. RHENISCH, Die <strong>de</strong>utsche Industrie und die Gründung <strong>de</strong>r EuropäischenWirtschaftsgemeinschaft, Florenz 1994, pp. 172-185, 294; G. BRAUNTHAL, The Fe<strong>de</strong>ration<strong>of</strong> German Industry in Politics, Ithaca, New York 1965, pp. 320-322; E. E. MAHANT,French and German Attitu<strong>de</strong>s to the Negotiations about the <strong>European</strong> Economic Community, 1955-1957, London 1969, pp. 285-286.

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