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CHAPTER 2 14
electrons and other particles which emit quanta of energy. Some are detected by special photography as the
four known fields of vibration around the human body and the atomic and molecular structures of various
crystalline bodies as obtained by the British physicist, W. L. Bragg. The kind of motion that these shells
exhibit, determines what the effect of that energy is to be. Heat, for example, is a wave pattern made up of a
series of particles given off in quanta by an electron. It might be called pure energy moving with a peculiar
kind of motion. The nature of the motion determines the effect produced, which can be any of the following:
Nonvisible light; visible light measured as heat, or cold light. Remember that visibility and invisibility and the
sensations of heat and cold are only sensations of the physical structure. Thus the real meaning of the term
light is far beyond what is visible to the eyes. The term light is used to designate the wave nature of all matter,
its energy and its motion.
(2) In order for bodies continually to discharge energy they must continually absorb a new supply of energy.
Thus the Universe consists of constant interchange of energy resulting in:
(3) A perpetual rhythmic expansion and contraction. For example, it is only possible for comets to travel at
their terrific speeds for long periods of time because they are constantly replenishing their energy through
their tail, and this energy is from a sun.
Now let us consider the tremendous likenesses exhibited by primary bodies beginning with the smallest we
can detect, the sub-atomic:
Sub-atomic particles (and when we say particle, we must think of particle-wave for the two concepts are
inseparable in speaking of basic structure) are to be considered in this discussion as particles that science can
know only indirectly by their behavior Thus, heat energy given off by an electron might be comparable to
satellites of the electron. Thus the electron gives off electro-magnetic radiation, which produces effects on
varying portions of the spectrum depending on the kind of motion.
Perhaps these particles are those quanta of electromagnetic radiation which have been called photons and/or
gamma rays. These rays, like X-rays, are without an electrical charge and are therefore not deflected in
electric or magnetic fields. Gamma rays are electro-magnetic radiation of very short wave length, and high
energy. Photons or energy vary in their velocity and thus energy according to the kind of radiation to which
the matter emitting the photons is subjected.
If the radiation is in the high frequency end of the spectrum, then the photons will have a higher energy. In
other words, the energy of the photons emitted by an electron subjected to electromagnetic radiation is related
to the energy of the radiation, but the energy is emitted in distinct quanta. Photons are too small to detect
experimentally in the high frequency portion of the spectrum. They are only detected in that part of the
spectrum below visible light.
Photons or gamma rays by interaction with atomic nuclei have been converted into pairs of electrons and
positrons (positively charged electrons). This materialization is a good example of the equivalence of matter
(mass) and energy.
Scientists have divided the sub-atomic particles into two classes. The first class consists of particles which
cannot occupy the same shell or energy level. These include the proton, electron, positron, neutron, neutrino
and mu mesons. The second class consists of particles which can occupy the same energy level. Photons,
gravitons, and pi mesons be-long to this class. The graviton is the unit of gravitational energy. According to
the Unified Field Theory, gravity is just another aspect of electromagnetism like light, radio waves and other
forms of electro-magnetic radiation.
Professor Vaclav Hlavaty of Indiana University Graduate Institute of Applied Mathematics recently achieved
solutions to mathematical equations in Einstein's latest Unified Field Theory that revolutionize our concepts