Tunnel Face Stability & New CPT Applications - Geo-Engineering

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viiiAbstractThe tunnel wound on and on, going fairly but not quite straight into theside of the hill . . . and many little doors opened out of it, first on oneside and then on another.J.R.R. Tolkien: The Hobbit or There and Back Again
ContentsAcknowledgementsAbstractList of Symbolsvviixi1 Introduction 11.1 Aims of this Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Outline of this Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Stability Analysis of the Tunnel Face 52.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.1 Micro-Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1.2 Global Stability Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1.3 Loss of Support Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.1.4 Laboratory and Field Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.2 Wedge Stability Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.2.1 Multilayered Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.2 Vertical Stress Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.2.3 Penetration of Support Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.2.4 Model Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.3 Model Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.3.1 Homogeneous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.3.2 Layered System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.3.3 Safety Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642.4 Comparison with Field Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.4.1 Second Heinenoordtunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.4.2 Botlek Utility Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792.4.3 Botlek Rail Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852.5 Further Groundwater Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 Horizontal Cone Penetration Testing 1013.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013.2 Interpretation of Cone Penetration Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033.2.1 Bearing Capacity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033.2.2 Cavity Expansion Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043.2.3 Steady State Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105ix
Page 1: Tunnel Face Stability&New CPT Appli
Page 4 and 5: Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd doo
Page 6 and 7: viAcknowledgementsKolla här, min
Page 10 and 11: xContents3.2.4 Finite Element Model
Page 12 and 13: xiiList of Symbols× ij i = j norma
Page 14: xivList of Symbolsλfirst Lamé con
Page 17 and 18: 1.2. Outline of this Thesis 3suppor
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2Stability Analysis of the
Page 21 and 22: 2.1. Introduction 7fluidsoilzs Fα
Page 23 and 24: 2.1. Introduction 9Figure 2.3: Unsu
Page 25 and 26: 2.1. Introduction 11q sq sq sααα
Page 27 and 28: φ = 40 ◦φ = 35 ◦2.1. Introduc
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. Introduction 15T 1 T 1E1 E 1G
Page 31 and 32: 2.1. Introduction 17N Deformation<
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction 19GC45 ◦ + φ/2
Page 35 and 36: 2.1. Introduction 21Figure 2.19: Ce
Page 37 and 38: 2.1. Introduction 23Figure 2.21: In
Page 39 and 40: 2.1. Introduction 25D (m) Soil type
Page 41 and 42: 2.2. Wedge Stability Model 27the su
Page 43 and 44: 2.2. Wedge Stability Model 29xyhz =
Page 45 and 46: 2.2. Wedge Stability Model 31s ′
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Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Wedge Stability Model 37with a
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 45from t
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 47γF(t/
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 49s min
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 5140∆s
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 53P
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 55i
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 57
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 63t
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 65o
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2.4. Comparison with Field Cases 67
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Figure 2.57: Overview of soil strat
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2.5. Further Groundwater Influences
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2.6. Conclusions 97the effective st
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2.6. Conclusions 99has been made th
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Chapter 3Horizontal Cone Penetratio
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3.2. Interpretation of Cone Penetra
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3.3. Calibration Chamber Tests on S
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3.4. Scale Model Tests 129Figure 3.
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3.4. Scale Model Tests 1315210Figur
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3.5. Field Tests 133Figure 3.35: Pl
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3.6. Modelling Horizontal Cone Pene
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3.7. Conclusions 141W H/V 043Ticino
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Chapter 4High-Speed Piezocone Tests
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4.2. Determination of Liquefaction
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4.2. Determination of Liquefaction
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 149
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 1518
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 153v
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 155-
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4.5. Conclusions and Recommendation
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4.5. Conclusions and Recommendation
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Chapter 5Conclusions and Recommenda
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5. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Bibliography[1] M.Y. Abu-Farsakh, G
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Bibliography 167[30] B. Belter, W.
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Bibliography 169[65] J.K. van Deen.
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Bibliography 171[99] E. Kreyszig. A
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Bibliography 173[133] Committee on
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Bibliography 175[171] F.W.J. van Vl
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Curriculum VitaeWout Broere was bor
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SamenvattingGraaffrontstabiliteit &
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Samenvatting 181spanningen ook in d
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NawoordIn de afgelopen jaren heb ik
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Appendix ABasic Equations of Ground
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A.1. Semi-confined System of Aquife
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A.2. Transient Flow 189withS s the
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....Appendix BBasic Equations of El
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B. Basic Equations of Elasticity 19
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