Tunnel Face Stability & New CPT Applications - Geo-Engineering

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xContents3.2.4 Finite Element Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053.2.5 Calibration Chamber Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063.2.6 Empirical Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073.3 Calibration Chamber Tests on Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083.3.1 The Calibration Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083.3.2 The Sands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103.3.3 Overview of Test Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143.3.4 Influence of Relative Density on Horizontal Cone Resistance . . . . . . 1193.3.5 Influence of Relative Density on Horizontal Sleeve Friction . . . . . . 1213.3.6 Influence of the Sand Type on Horizontal Cone Resistance . . . . . . . 1253.3.7 Influence of the Sand Type on Horizontal Sleeve Friction . . . . . . . . 1253.3.8 Horizontal Stress Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263.3.9 Conclusions on Calibration Chamber Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283.4 Scale Model Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283.5 Field Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333.6 Modelling Horizontal Cone Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343.6.1 Elastic Cavity Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353.6.2 Adapting Existing Theories for H<strong>CPT</strong> Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . 1393.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404 High-Speed Piezocone Tests in Sands 1434.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1434.2 Determination of Liquefaction Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1454.3 Influence of Penetration Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.3.1 Influence on Cone Resistance and Sleeve Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.3.2 Influence on Excess Pore Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.4 Calibration Chamber Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1494.4.1 Equipment and Test Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504.4.2 Overview of Test Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514.5 Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575 Conclusions and Recommendations 161Bibliography 165Curriculum Vitae 177Samenvatting 179Nawoord 183A Basic Equations of Groundwater Flow 185A.1 Semi-confined System of Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186A.2 Transient Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188B Basic Equations of Elasticity 191
List of SymbolsGeneralccohesionc u undrained shear strengthd 10 , d 50 sieve opening at which 10 and 50 mass% of material passes sieve resp.Eelasticity or Young’s modulusgacceleration of gravityihydraulic gradienti 0stagnation gradientkpermeabilityK, K y coefficient of horizontal effective stressK a , K 0 , K p coefficients of active, neutral and passive horizontal effective stressm v compressibility modulusnporosityppore water pressureq u unconfined compressive strengthttimevvelocityzvertical coordinateβγγ ′γ dry , γ satγ wϕ̺σσ ′τψcompressibility of watersoil volumetric weighteffective soil volumetric weightdry and saturated soil volumetric weight resp.water volumetric weightangle of internal friction,hydraulic headdensitytotal stresseffective stressyield stressangle of dilatancy× h horizontal component× v vertical component× ′ effective componentxi
Page 1: Tunnel Face Stability&New CPT Appli
Page 4 and 5: Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd doo
Page 6 and 7: viAcknowledgementsKolla här, min
Page 8 and 9: viiiAbstractThe tunnel wound on and
Page 12 and 13: xiiList of Symbols× ij i = j norma
Page 14: xivList of Symbolsλfirst Lamé con
Page 17 and 18: 1.2. Outline of this Thesis 3suppor
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2Stability Analysis of the
Page 21 and 22: 2.1. Introduction 7fluidsoilzs Fα
Page 23 and 24: 2.1. Introduction 9Figure 2.3: Unsu
Page 25 and 26: 2.1. Introduction 11q sq sq sααα
Page 27 and 28: φ = 40 ◦φ = 35 ◦2.1. Introduc
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. Introduction 15T 1 T 1E1 E 1G
Page 31 and 32: 2.1. Introduction 17N Deformation<
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction 19GC45 ◦ + φ/2
Page 35 and 36: 2.1. Introduction 21Figure 2.19: Ce
Page 37 and 38: 2.1. Introduction 23Figure 2.21: In
Page 39 and 40: 2.1. Introduction 25D (m) Soil type
Page 41 and 42: 2.2. Wedge Stability Model 27the su
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Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Wedge Stability Model 37with a
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 47γF(t/
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 49s min
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2.2. Wedge Stability Model 5140∆s
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 53P
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 55i
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 57
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 63t
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2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis 65o
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2.4. Comparison with Field Cases 67
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Figure 2.57: Overview of soil strat
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2.5. Further Groundwater Influences
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2.6. Conclusions 97the effective st
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2.6. Conclusions 99has been made th
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Chapter 3Horizontal Cone Penetratio
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3.2. Interpretation of Cone Penetra
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3.3. Calibration Chamber Tests on S
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3.4. Scale Model Tests 129Figure 3.
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3.4. Scale Model Tests 1315210Figur
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3.5. Field Tests 133Figure 3.35: Pl
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3.6. Modelling Horizontal Cone Pene
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3.7. Conclusions 141W H/V 043Ticino
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Chapter 4High-Speed Piezocone Tests
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4.2. Determination of Liquefaction
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4.2. Determination of Liquefaction
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 149
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 1518
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 153v
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4.4. Calibration Chamber Tests 155-
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4.5. Conclusions and Recommendation
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4.5. Conclusions and Recommendation
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Chapter 5Conclusions and Recommenda
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5. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Bibliography[1] M.Y. Abu-Farsakh, G
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Bibliography 167[30] B. Belter, W.
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Bibliography 169[65] J.K. van Deen.
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Bibliography 171[99] E. Kreyszig. A
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Bibliography 173[133] Committee on
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Bibliography 175[171] F.W.J. van Vl
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Curriculum VitaeWout Broere was bor
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SamenvattingGraaffrontstabiliteit &
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Samenvatting 181spanningen ook in d
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NawoordIn de afgelopen jaren heb ik
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Appendix ABasic Equations of Ground
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A.1. Semi-confined System of Aquife
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A.2. Transient Flow 189withS s the
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....Appendix BBasic Equations of El
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B. Basic Equations of Elasticity 19
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