The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - UniversitÃƒÂ¤t St.Gallen

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– 6 –Table <strong>of</strong> ContentsChapter I: Introduction........................................................................................................... 91 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 102 <strong>The</strong>oretical and Empirical Background ....................................................................... 113 Switzerland as a Perfect Laboratory for Empirical Analysis ....................................... 174 Structure <strong>of</strong> the Dissertation......................................................................................... 18Chapter II: <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> 1997 – 2003 ......................................................................... 191 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 202 Constitutional Changes between 1997 and 2003 ......................................................... 243 <strong>The</strong> Initiative ................................................................................................................ 283.1 Constitutional Initiative........................................................................................ 283.2 Statutory Initiative................................................................................................ 313.3 Comments on the Changes in Constitutional and Statutory Initiatives................ 344 <strong>The</strong> Statutory Referendum ........................................................................................... 394.1 Mandatory Statutory Referendum........................................................................ 394.2 Comments on the Changes in the Mandatory Statutory Referendum.................. 444.3 Optional Statutory Referendum ........................................................................... 484.4 Comments on the Changes in the Optional Statutory Referendum ..................... 545 <strong>The</strong> Fiscal Referendum ................................................................................................ 585.1 Mandatory Fiscal Referendum............................................................................. 585.2 Comments on the Changes in the Mandatory Fiscal Referendum ....................... 625.3. Optional Fiscal Referendum................................................................................. 655.4 Comments on the Changes in the Optional Fiscal Referendum........................... 706 Reconstruction <strong>of</strong> the Index between 1997 and 2003 .................................................. 737 <strong>The</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> the Index <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> from 1997 to 2003 ................... 778 Brief Critique <strong>of</strong> the Index ........................................................................................... 809 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 82Chapter III: Happiness.......................................................................................................... 831 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 842 Previous Empirical Research for Switzerland.............................................................. 883 New Estimates for Switzerland.................................................................................... 90
– 7 –3.1 Cross section <strong>of</strong> 1992 and Balanced Panel 2000 – 2002...................................... 903.2 Results for Single Waves, 2000 – 2002 ............................................................. 1004 Summary and Concluding Remarks........................................................................... 1065 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 107Chapter IV: Income Redistribution ................................................................................... 1131 Introduction................................................................................................................ 1142 Political Economy Models <strong>of</strong> Income Redistribution................................................ 1163 Empirical Studies on Institutional Determinants <strong>of</strong> Income Redistribution .............. 1204 Swiss Data on <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> and Income Distribution ...................................... 1255 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> on Welfare and Taxation...................................... 1286 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> on the Redistribution on Income.......................... 1327 Concluding Remarks.................................................................................................. 1368 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 139Chapter V: Public Safety..................................................................................................... 1411 Introduction................................................................................................................ 1422 Political Economy and the Behavioral Economic Context:Derivation <strong>of</strong> Hypotheses........................................................................................ 1442.1. <strong>The</strong> Median Voter <strong>The</strong>orem............................................................................... 1442.2 Optimism Bias.................................................................................................... 1452.3 Debiasing Strategies........................................................................................... 1482.4 <strong>The</strong> Role <strong>of</strong> Mass Media .................................................................................... 1492.4 Derivation <strong>of</strong> Empirically Testable Hypotheses ................................................ 1503 Model ......................................................................................................................... 1524 Data ............................................................................................................................ 1565 Empirical Results ....................................................................................................... 1585.1. Structural Equation I: Determinants <strong>of</strong> Police Expenditure............................... 1585.2 Structural Equation II: Determinants <strong>of</strong> Crime Rates ........................................ 1625.3 Reduced Form: Determinants <strong>of</strong> Crime ............................................................. 1695.4 Comparison <strong>of</strong> the Results for the Reduced and Structural Forms .................... 1766 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 1787 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 180Questionnaires.................................................................................................................... 194
Page 1 and 2: The Impact
Page 3 and 4: - 3 -DanksagungDie Arbeit an der vo
Page 5: - 5 -HilfsmittelThe</strong
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -Chapter I:Introduction
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -2 Theoretica
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -rights 14 . Similar empirical
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -under specific circumstances
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -3 Switzerland as a Perfect La
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -Chapter II:Direct</st
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -(Verwaltungsreferendum), a re
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -Landsgemeinde cantons, i.e. t
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -Table 1: Changes of</
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -precisely specified. Moreover
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -CantonLuzern(21 Oct 2003)Uri(
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Waadt(old)CantonWallis(21 Oct
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -Table 3: Requirements for a S
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -caused a duplication
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -During the time period under
Page 39 and 40: - 39 -constitution, the stipulation
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -A similar but less drastic re
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -present members so demand (ar
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -Table 5: Optional Statutory R
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -requirement of</stron
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- 57 -The cantonal
Page 59 and 60:
- 59 -CantonObwalden(22 Oct 2002)Ta
Page 61 and 62:
- 61 -CantonSt. Gallen(old)Graubün
Page 63 and 64:
- 63 -also be observed in the canto
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- 65 -5.3. Optional Fiscal Referend
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- 67 -CantonSolothurn(30 Mar 2004)B
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- 69 -CantonWaadt(21 Oct 2003)newco
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- 71 -respect to the extraordinary
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- 73 -new optional (fiscal) referen
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- 75 -awarded based on its requirem
Page 77 and 78:
- 77 -Hence, in these cantons, the
Page 79 and 80:
- 79 -higher (4.417 instead <strong
Page 81 and 82:
- 81 -democracy. Hence, the majorit
Page 83 and 84:
- 83 -Chapter III:Happiness
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- 85 -equilibrium. 81 Consequently,
Page 87 and 88:
- 87 -are difficult to measure and
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- 89 -a weighted ordered probit mod
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- 91 -In general, how satisfied are
Page 93 and 94:
- 93 -dichotomous variable indicati
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- 95 -obvious that omitting the lan
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- 97 -Table 2: Results for Differen
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- 99 -significant impact on persona
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- 101 -Table 3a: Personal Subjectiv
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- 103 -Table3c: Personal Subjective
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- 105 -result from the creation by
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- 107 -5 AppendixTable A.1: Distrib
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -Table A2: Results for Switze
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- 111 -Table A.3: Descriptive Stati
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- 113 -Chapter IV:Income Redistribu
Page 115 and 116:
- 115 -The latter
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- 117 -coalition because they can e
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- 119 -wing parties. If additional
Page 121 and 122:
- 121 -democracy as an explanatory
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- 123 -political process. In genera
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- 125 -democracy does not appear to
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -Table 1: Fiscal Referenda an
Page 129 and 130:
- 129 -The more fi
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -NER (2001), who argue that d
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- 133 -redistribution, the cross se
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- 135 -Table 3: Inequality and Redi
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- 137 -some political scientists: <
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- 139 -8 AppendixTable A.1: Expendi
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- 141 -Chapter V:Public Safety
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- 143 -average probabilities. An op
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- 145 -legislative institution itse
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- 147 -death less probable than oth
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- 149 -2.4 The Rol
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- 151 -Testable Hypothesis 1:<stron
Page 153 and 154:
- 153 -(1) log O = f (D 1 , D 2 , Y
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- 155 -Higher clear-up and detectio
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- 157 -Following the procedure <str
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- 159 -(per capita) 188 . In this s
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- 161 -Regarding the additional fis
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- 163 -Table 3: Property Crime 1986
Page 165 and 166:
- 165 -from 1986 to 2001, it is pic
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- 167 -Table 4: Violent Crime and S
Page 169 and 170:
- 169 -In sum, in the structural mo
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- 171 -same. It is for robbery and
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- 173 -Violent CrimeTable 6 display
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- 175 -Table 6: Violent Crime and S
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- 177 -the policemen in direct demo
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- 179 -becoming a victim of
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- 181 -Table A.2: Security Expendit
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- 183 -Table A.4: Summary Statistic
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- 185 -Table A.6: Property Crime, O
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- 187 -Table A.8: Property Crime, O
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- 189 -Table A.10: Deleted Observat
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- 191 -Table A.11: Description <str
Page 194 and 195:
- 194 -Questionnaires
Page 196 and 197:
- 196 -Halten Sie die Erfassungspra
Page 198 and 199:
- 198 -Frage:Was wird neben dem Die
Page 200 and 201:
- 200 -Est-ce que vous jugez la pra
Page 202 and 203:
- 202 -Question:Les catégories sui
Page 204 and 205:
- 204 -1 IntroductionDirect
Page 206 and 207:
- 206 -possible to analyze the impa
Page 208 and 209:
- 208 -2.3 U.S. Empirical Evidence
Page 210 and 211:
- 210 -political autonomy by the Sw
Page 212 and 213:
- 212 -weakly induces more spending
Page 214 and 215:
- 214 -economics literature. In gen
Page 216 and 217:
- 216 -of the scho
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- 218 -2002) 249 . One exception is
Page 220 and 221:
- 220 -4.2 Quantile Regression Resu
Page 222 and 223:
- 222 -quantiles, the index <strong
Page 224 and 225:
- 224 -the corresponding subject. <
Page 226 and 227:
- 226 -that the H 0 -hypothesis <st
Page 228 and 229:
- 228 -Overall, the robustness test
Page 230 and 231:
- 230 -average student is found for
Page 232 and 233:
- 232 -appears to be influential in
Page 234 and 235:
- 234 -Regarding the direct impact
Page 236 and 237:
- 236 -application of</stro
Page 238 and 239:
- 238 -Table 8.1: OLS Regressions f
Page 240 and 241:
- 240 -Table 8.2: Quantile Regressi
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
- 246 -Table 9.1: OLS Regression fo
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
- 254 -Table 10.1: OLS Regression f
Page 256 and 257:
- 256 -Table 10.2: Quantile Regress
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Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
- 262 -11 Appendix: Descriptive Sta
Page 264 and 265:
- 264 -Selective schoolRegular test
Page 266 and 267:
- 266 -Table 11.2: Indices
Page 268 and 269:
- 268 -Table 11.4: Descriptive Stat
Page 270 and 271:
- 270 -Chapter VII:Conclusion
Page 272 and 273:
- 272 -should lead, on average, to
Page 274 and 275:
- 274 -References
Page 276 and 277:
- 276 -ARTALE, A. and H.-P. GRÜNER
Page 278 and 279:
- 278 -CARD, D. and A. PAYNE (2002)
Page 280 and 281:
- 280 -EASTERLIN, R.A. (1974), Does
Page 282 and 283:
- 282 -FELD, L.P. and J.G. MATSUSAK
Page 284 and 285:
- 284 -FREY, B.S. and A. STUTZER (2
Page 286 and 287:
- 286 -HANUSHEK, E.A. (1986), <stro
Page 288 and 289:
- 288 -KESSLER, A. (2003), Represen
Page 290 and 291:
- 290 -LEHMAN, D.R., R.O. LEMPERT a
Page 292 and 293:
- 292 -MORGAN, M.C. and M. HENRION
Page 294 and 295:
- 294 -PROKHOROV, A.V., C. WARNEKE,
Page 296 and 297:
- 296 -SCHALTEGGER, CH. and L.P: FE
Page 298 and 299:
- 298 -TRECHSEL, A. and U. SERDÜLT
Page 300:
- 300 -Curriculum VitaeBorn on the
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