The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - Universität St.Gallen

– 224 –the corresponding subject. <strong>The</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> this section discusses the results for both mathematicsand natural science.5.1 Results for Mathematics<strong>The</strong> Reduced Form<strong>The</strong> OLS results for the reduced form reveal an insignificant impact <strong>of</strong> direct democracy foran average student from among the 1,846 students tested (see table 9.1). <strong>The</strong> quantileregression results corroborate this observation for all estimated quantiles. Additionally, a test<strong>of</strong> joint nonsignificance for all estimated quantiles cannot be rejected.DirDem_2000-60.00 -40.00 -20.00 0.00 20.00 40.000 .2 .4 .6 .8 1QuantileFigure 3: Mathematics; Reduced FormIn the OLS model, among the remaining sociodemographic, school peer, and cantonal inputfactors, female students are observed to perform about 30 test score points worse than theirmale peers in all quantiles. Students in selective schools perform weakly better than theirpeers in other school types, which is in line with the results for reading. Less heterogeneity inclass leads to higher test scores for the average student, as observed for reading. In contrast,however, the share <strong>of</strong> foreign peers in class also exerts an achievement lowering impact,