The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - UniversitÃƒÂ¤t St.Gallen

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– 190 –Table A.11: Description <strong>of</strong> VariablesVariable Formula Type <strong>of</strong> variable SourceDeterrentsCriminal detectives Log (criminal detectives / population) continuous BAP, full time equivalentsOrdinary policemen Log(ordinary policemen / population) continuous BAP, full time equivalentsSeverity <strong>of</strong> punishmentUnsuspended sentences / total sentences continuous BFS(art. 111, 122/123, 138, 139, 140, 146,178 <strong>of</strong> Swiss criminal code)Institutional determinant<strong>Direct</strong> democracy Index from 1 (minimum) to 6 (maximum) continuous Own calculations / STUTZER (1999)Economic variablesWelfare transfers Log(deflated welfare payments / population) continuous BFS, SECO (deflator)Income inequalityMean household income / median householdcontinuousFTA (1986 - 1998; biannually); SHPincome(1999 - 2001; annually)190
– 191 –Table A.11: Description <strong>of</strong> Variables (cont.)Variable Formula Type <strong>of</strong> variable SourceNational incomeLog(deflated national income in 1000 Sfr/continuousBFS;population)Unemployment rate Officially recorded unemployed / labor force continuous SECO, BFS (labor force)Federal transfers Log (deflated federal transfers / population) BFS, SECO (deflator)Fiscal variablesFiscal decentralization1-(cantonal total expenditure /cantonal + localcontinuousOwn calculations, BFSexpenditure)Tax competitionTax competition for canton i = [Sum (tax(j)*continuousOwn calculations, FTAinverse distance (ij)) ]/ 25Constitutional constraint Index from 1 to 3 (strictest) categorical G. KIRCHGÄSSNERConservative ideologyShare <strong>of</strong> rightist parties in executive – sharecontinuousOwn calculations based on issues <strong>of</strong><strong>of</strong> leftist partiesAnnée Politique SuisseSize <strong>of</strong> coalitionNumber <strong>of</strong> parties / independent members incontinuousOwn calculations based on issues <strong>of</strong>governmentAnnée Politique Suisse191
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The Impact
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- 3 -DanksagungDie Arbeit an der vo
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- 5 -HilfsmittelThe</strong
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- 7 -3.1 Cross section of</
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- 9 -Chapter I:Introduction
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- 11 -2 Theoretica
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- 13 -rights 14 . Similar empirical
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- 15 -under specific circumstances
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- 17 -3 Switzerland as a Perfect La
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- 19 -Chapter II:Direct</st
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- 21 -(Verwaltungsreferendum), a re
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- 23 -Landsgemeinde cantons, i.e. t
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- 25 -Table 1: Changes of</
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- 27 -precisely specified. Moreover
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- 29 -CantonLuzern(21 Oct 2003)Uri(
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- 31 -Waadt(old)CantonWallis(21 Oct
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- 33 -Table 3: Requirements for a S
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- 35 -caused a duplication
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- 37 -During the time period under
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- 39 -constitution, the stipulation
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- 41 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
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- 43 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
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- 45 -A similar but less drastic re
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- 47 -present members so demand (ar
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- 49 -Table 5: Optional Statutory R
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- 55 -requirement of</stron
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- 57 -The cantonal
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- 59 -CantonObwalden(22 Oct 2002)Ta
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- 61 -CantonSt. Gallen(old)Graubün
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- 63 -also be observed in the canto
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- 65 -5.3. Optional Fiscal Referend
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- 67 -CantonSolothurn(30 Mar 2004)B
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- 69 -CantonWaadt(21 Oct 2003)newco
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- 71 -respect to the extraordinary
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- 73 -new optional (fiscal) referen
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- 75 -awarded based on its requirem
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- 77 -Hence, in these cantons, the
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- 79 -higher (4.417 instead <strong
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- 81 -democracy. Hence, the majorit
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- 83 -Chapter III:Happiness
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- 85 -equilibrium. 81 Consequently,
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- 87 -are difficult to measure and
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- 89 -a weighted ordered probit mod
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- 91 -In general, how satisfied are
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- 93 -dichotomous variable indicati
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- 95 -obvious that omitting the lan
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- 97 -Table 2: Results for Differen
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- 99 -significant impact on persona
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- 101 -Table 3a: Personal Subjectiv
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- 103 -Table3c: Personal Subjective
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- 105 -result from the creation by
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- 107 -5 AppendixTable A.1: Distrib
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- 109 -Table A2: Results for Switze
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- 111 -Table A.3: Descriptive Stati
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- 113 -Chapter IV:Income Redistribu
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- 115 -The latter
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- 117 -coalition because they can e
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- 119 -wing parties. If additional
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- 121 -democracy as an explanatory
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- 123 -political process. In genera
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- 125 -democracy does not appear to
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- 127 -Table 1: Fiscal Referenda an
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- 129 -The more fi
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- 131 -NER (2001), who argue that d
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- 133 -redistribution, the cross se
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- 135 -Table 3: Inequality and Redi
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- 137 -some political scientists: <
Page 139 and 140: - 139 -8 AppendixTable A.1: Expendi
Page 141 and 142: - 141 -Chapter V:Public Safety
Page 143 and 144: - 143 -average probabilities. An op
Page 145 and 146: - 145 -legislative institution itse
Page 147 and 148: - 147 -death less probable than oth
Page 149 and 150: - 149 -2.4 The Rol
Page 151 and 152: - 151 -Testable Hypothesis 1:<stron
Page 153 and 154: - 153 -(1) log O = f (D 1 , D 2 , Y
Page 155 and 156: - 155 -Higher clear-up and detectio
Page 157 and 158: - 157 -Following the procedure <str
Page 159 and 160: - 159 -(per capita) 188 . In this s
Page 161 and 162: - 161 -Regarding the additional fis
Page 163 and 164: - 163 -Table 3: Property Crime 1986
Page 165 and 166: - 165 -from 1986 to 2001, it is pic
Page 167 and 168: - 167 -Table 4: Violent Crime and S
Page 169 and 170: - 169 -In sum, in the structural mo
Page 171 and 172: - 171 -same. It is for robbery and
Page 173 and 174: - 173 -Violent CrimeTable 6 display
Page 175 and 176: - 175 -Table 6: Violent Crime and S
Page 177 and 178: - 177 -the policemen in direct demo
Page 179 and 180: - 179 -becoming a victim of
Page 181 and 182: - 181 -Table A.2: Security Expendit
Page 183 and 184: - 183 -Table A.4: Summary Statistic
Page 185 and 186: - 185 -Table A.6: Property Crime, O
Page 187 and 188: - 187 -Table A.8: Property Crime, O
Page 189: - 189 -Table A.10: Deleted Observat
Page 194 and 195: - 194 -Questionnaires
Page 196 and 197: - 196 -Halten Sie die Erfassungspra
Page 198 and 199: - 198 -Frage:Was wird neben dem Die
Page 200 and 201: - 200 -Est-ce que vous jugez la pra
Page 202 and 203: - 202 -Question:Les catégories sui
Page 204 and 205: - 204 -1 IntroductionDirect
Page 206 and 207: - 206 -possible to analyze the impa
Page 208 and 209: - 208 -2.3 U.S. Empirical Evidence
Page 210 and 211: - 210 -political autonomy by the Sw
Page 212 and 213: - 212 -weakly induces more spending
Page 214 and 215: - 214 -economics literature. In gen
Page 216 and 217: - 216 -of the scho
Page 218 and 219: - 218 -2002) 249 . One exception is
Page 220 and 221: - 220 -4.2 Quantile Regression Resu
Page 222 and 223: - 222 -quantiles, the index <strong
Page 224 and 225: - 224 -the corresponding subject. <
Page 226 and 227: - 226 -that the H 0 -hypothesis <st
Page 228 and 229: - 228 -Overall, the robustness test
Page 230 and 231: - 230 -average student is found for
Page 232 and 233: - 232 -appears to be influential in
Page 234 and 235: - 234 -Regarding the direct impact
Page 236 and 237: - 236 -application of</stro
Page 238 and 239: - 238 -Table 8.1: OLS Regressions f
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- 240 -Table 8.2: Quantile Regressi
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- 246 -Table 9.1: OLS Regression fo
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- 254 -Table 10.1: OLS Regression f
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- 256 -Table 10.2: Quantile Regress
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- 262 -11 Appendix: Descriptive Sta
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- 264 -Selective schoolRegular test
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- 266 -Table 11.2: Indices
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- 268 -Table 11.4: Descriptive Stat
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- 270 -Chapter VII:Conclusion
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- 272 -should lead, on average, to
Page 274 and 275:
- 274 -References
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- 276 -ARTALE, A. and H.-P. GRÜNER
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- 278 -CARD, D. and A. PAYNE (2002)
Page 280 and 281:
- 280 -EASTERLIN, R.A. (1974), Does
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- 282 -FELD, L.P. and J.G. MATSUSAK
Page 284 and 285:
- 284 -FREY, B.S. and A. STUTZER (2
Page 286 and 287:
- 286 -HANUSHEK, E.A. (1986), <stro
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- 288 -KESSLER, A. (2003), Represen
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- 290 -LEHMAN, D.R., R.O. LEMPERT a
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- 292 -MORGAN, M.C. and M. HENRION
Page 294 and 295:
- 294 -PROKHOROV, A.V., C. WARNEKE,
Page 296 and 297:
- 296 -SCHALTEGGER, CH. and L.P: FE
Page 298 and 299:
- 298 -TRECHSEL, A. and U. SERDÜLT
Page 300:
- 300 -Curriculum VitaeBorn on the
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