The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - Universität St.Gallen

– 139 –8 AppendixTable A.1: Expenditure, Revenue, Taxes, and Welfare Expenditure per Capita,1980 – 1998 (Outliers excluded)Public ExpenditureConstant 0.585(0.63)<strong>Direct</strong> democracyFiscal decentralizationTax competitionLog <strong>of</strong> unconditional grantsLog <strong>of</strong> national incomeUrbanizationLog <strong>of</strong> populationFiscal constraintsNumber <strong>of</strong> parties in the cantonal governmentShare <strong>of</strong> leftist parties in the governmentShare <strong>of</strong> young populationShare <strong>of</strong> old populationDummy for French and Italian language-0.042*(2.19)-0.556***(3.84)-0.183**(2.67)0.113*(2.35)0.124(0.93)0.153(1.48)-0.001(0.01)-0.001(0.05)0.026(1.15)0.20(1.54)-0.005(0.15)0.015(*)(1.75)-0.107(1.44)Unemployment rate 0.005(0.34)Public Revenue0.626(0.86)-0.038*(2.44)-0.465***(4.12)-0.188**(3.13)0.163***(3.78)0.098(0.86)0.134(1.60)-0.000(0.02)0.006(0.52)0.024(1.26)0.016(*)(1.66)-0.013(*)(1.81)0.012(*)(1.83)-0.113(*)(1.79)0.004(0.36)R20.741 0.744Number <strong>of</strong> observations 493 484SER 0.117 0.108J.-B. 4.382 4.981(*)Comments see table 2.