Uyghurs Without Borders? - Foreign Military Studies Office - U.S. Army

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If integration continues along its path, Uyghurs will continue to view Kazakhstan as theirown country, especially if a give and take relationship continues with the state. The more theyview Kazakhstan as their homeland and their role within it, the less likely they are to advocate orsupport a breakaway republic. What Central Asia can learn from the Uyghur example inKazakhstan is that despite some economic and social marginalization, and geographic proximityto a conflict zone, an ethnic minority group was able to move past some of its grievances againstthe state, and vice-versa. This is not a one-size fits all solution for Central Asia, but if otherethnic minority groups and their respective regional governments are able to do this, it coulddecrease threats.Notes1 “Uyghurs in Japan Call for Freedom in China,” Hong Kong AFP, July 4, 2010; “Demonstrators in Ankara ProtestIncidents in Xinjiang Region on 1st Anniversary,” Anatolia, July 5, 2010; Roni Rui, “Uyghurs Worldwide Protest onAnniversary of 2009 Violence,” The Epoch Times, July 7, 2010.2 “Urumqi ‘Peaceful’ on First Anniversary of ‘Deadly’ Riot; Locals Inspected,” Xinhua, July 5, 2010; “Security CameraBlanket Covers Urumqi Ahead of Riot Anniversary,” Xinhua, July 2, 2010.3 Eastweek, “Uyghur people stage protest in Kazakhstan,” Eastweek, July 29, 2009,,(accessed July 7, 2010).4 Uyghurs lived in the steppe region for several centuries prior to the formation of their khanate, but thisestablished them as a more powerful group and one that modern Uyghurs have a kinship with. For more extensivehistory on the Uyghurs in Central Asia see: Rene Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes, a History of Central Asia,trans. Naomi Walford. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970; and also: James A. Millward and Peter C.Perdue, “Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Xinjiang:China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr, (New York: Central Asian-Caucasus Institute, 2004), pp. 27-62.5 For two excellent sources on Russian expansion into Siberia and Central Asia, see: W. Bruce Lincoln. The Conquestof a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. New York: Cornell University Press, 1994; Peter Hopkirk. The Great Game:The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. New York: Kodansha America, 1992.6 Millward and Perdue, Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, pp. 27-62.14
7 James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, “Political Histories and Strategies of Control, 1884-1978,” in Xinjiang:China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr, (New York: Central Asian-Caucasus Institute, 2004), pp. 63-98.8 For one of the most in depth backgrounds on the recent history of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan see: Sean R. Roberts,“The Uighurs of the Kazakhstan borderlands: Migration and the nation,” Nationalities Papers 26, no. 3 (1998): pp.511-530.9 Ibid.10 Marlene Laruelle and Sebastien Peyrouse, “Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediatorsbetween China and Central Asia,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 7, no. 1 (2009): pp. 93-119.11 Roberts, “The Uighurs of the Kazakhstan borderlands,” pp. 511-530.12 For an more in depth look at Uyghurs in Kazakhstan from a Uyghur point of view, see the website “Uyghurs ofKazakhstan” (in Russian), 13 The populations of other minorities in multiethnic Kazakhstan, such as Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans, areshrinking, but the number of Uyghurs has grown steadily over the last 20-30 years. This is demonstrated in thecensuses taken in 1979, 1989, 1999, and 2009 where Uyghurs made up 1, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.4 percent of thepopulation respectively and numbered around 223,100 people total: Natsuko Oka, "The 'Triadic Nexus' inKazakhstan: A Comparative Study of Russians, Uighurs, and Koreans," in Ieda, Osamu et al. eds., BeyondSovereignty: From Status Law to Transnational Citizenship?, Sapporo, Japan: Slavic Research Center, HokkaidoUniversity (2006): pp. 359-380; Thomas S. Szayna, “Potential for Ethnic Conflict in the Caspian Region.” Faultlinesof Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus, Implications for the U.S. Army, eds. Olga Oliker and ThomasSzayna. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (2003): pp. 145-183; Agentstvo Respubliki Kazakhstan PoStastikike [Ministry of Statistic of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. “Itogi Perepisi Naseleniya-Respubliki Kazakhstan2009.” [Results of the Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009]. (accessed October 6, 2010).14 Laruelle and Peyrouse, “Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and CentralAsia,” pp. 93-119; For the official website and information of the Uyghur District (in Russian), see http://uigurakimat.kz/(accessed December 14, 2010).15 Martha Brill Olcott, Central Asia’s Second Chance. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2005, pp. 30-36.16 Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr, (NewYork: Central Asian-Caucasus Institute, 2004), pp. 163-189; Sebastien Peyrouse, “Chinese Presence in Kazakhstan:China’s Resolve and Central Asia’ Apprehension,” China Perspectives 3 (2008): pp. 34-49.17 Peyrouse, “Chinese Presence in Kazakhstan: China’s Resolve and Central Asia’ Apprehension,” pp. 34-49.18 Wiemer, Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, pp. 163-189.19 Peyrouse, “Chinese Presence in Kazakhstan: China’s Resolve and Central Asia’ Apprehension,” pp. 34-49.20 Wiemer, Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, pp. 163-189.15
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