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12(ii)given qualification (e.g. through lifelong learning arrangements) withinthe framework of the European Higher Education Area;the ENIC and NARIC Networks should develop methods and proceduresof assessing qualifications earned through alternative learning paths on thestrength of the skills and competencies they convey.Sixth consideration: there will be an increasing number of applications for recognitionof qualifications earned through transnational arrangementsTransnational education may be seen as a sub-category of non-traditional education.However, the explosive growth in transnational arrangements as well as the fact that sucharrangements are delivered independently – or outside – of any territorial jurisdictionwarrant a separate consideration of transnational education. Franchised higher education,off shore institutions and Internet-based virtual higher education are some frequent formsof transnational higher education provision, but the examples are far from exhaustive, andnew forms of transnational provision are likely to be developed in the years to come.Transnational education provision may offer increased opportunities to those who maynot be able to gain a place of study in a traditional higher education programme and mayalso offer opportunities to develop new forms of learning and teaching. There is,however, a considerable problem of controlling the quality of transnational educationprogrammes and in ensuring that students are given adequate and accurate information onthe transnational programmes in which they may want to enrol. This is in large partlinked to the lack or ambiguous state of national and international jurisdiction over suchprovision. The rapid development of communication and information technology makesthe issue of territorial jurisdiction even more complicated but probably also less relevant.Information and the implementation of good practice will be more important than legalregulations in helping students and employers distinguish good transnational programmesfrom less good ones.UNESCO-CEPES and the Council of Europe have elaborated a draft Code of GoodPractice for the provision of Transnational Education. The draft Code was approved bythe ENIC Network at its 2000 meeting (Bruxelles, 22 – 24 May) and will be submittedfor adoption to the Lisboa Recognition Convention Committee at its next meeting (R_ga,6 June 2001).Suggested action(i)(ii)The Lisboa Recognition Convention Committee should adopt the draftCode of Good Practice for the provision of Transnational Education.The ENIC and NARIC Networks as well as national authorities shouldwork to implement this code, and in particular develop ways to providereliable information on transnational education programmes to studentsand employers.
13Seventh consideration: more emphasis should be put on assessing learning outcomesand competenciesThe developments outlined in the fourth, fifth and sixth considerations all lead in thedirection of putting more emphasis on assessing learning outcomes and competenciesrather than the way in which qualifications have been earned. This is not to say that thisaspect is absent today. In fact, there have already been encouraging developments in thisdirection. For example, work is under way in the Netherlands (e.g. through the ACCEPTproject of NUFFIC, the Dutch ENIC/NARIC), Sweden and the United Kingdom. TheEuropean Language Portfolio, developed by the Council of Europe’s Modern LanguagesDivision, provide a framework for the description of foreign language skills. Futureversions of the ECTS are also likely to emphasize learning outcomes more strongly.However, this development will need to be taken further. Learning outcomes describethe more or less traditional objectives of the curriculum or the educational process,whereas competencies describe the actual skills and abilities of the person concerned,independently of whether these have been acquired through formal educationprogrammes, informal learning or even work experience. Methods and procedures mustbe developed that allow learning outcomes and competencies to be described andcompared. The past and current emphasis on length of study is in part explained by thefact that length of study (especially when expressed as years of study, which is not theonly measure of time) is seen as an easily quantifiable and understandable indication ofworkload. It is not ideal, and objections have been raised, but it still seems reasonablywell accepted, also by those whose applications for recognition are not fully accepted. Ifwe are to move further toward a direct assessment of learning outcomes andcompetencies, alternative standards will have to be developed.Suggested action(i)(ii)national authorities and higher education institutions should review theway in which higher education programmes and qualifications aredescribed in order to ensure that these give an adequate description of thecompetencies conveyed by the programme;the ENIC and NARIC Networks, in cooperation with national qualityassurance agencies, should develop international standards for theassessment and recognition of competencies, as well as ways in whichadequate information may be provided in this area.Eighth consideration: the link between recognition and qualityassessment/accreditation should be strengthened.This is a logical consequence of diversification. With a wide choice of higher educationprovisions, much of it beyond the confines of traditional state provision, the need to
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