Air pollution measurements at Jungfraujoch: from determination of ...
Air pollution measurements at Jungfraujoch: from determination of ...
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Lab’s Approach - GoalsMeasurements & Models- Trace gas detection(low concentr<strong>at</strong>ions:ppq = 10 -15 )- Flux <strong>measurements</strong>(spectra @ kHz)MEDUSA- Interspecies correl<strong>at</strong>ion(known emission inventory)EU-Emission COCO over background=Emission HCFC-141bHCFC-141b over background- Inverse modelling(Lagrangian ParticleDispersion model)Emission Estim<strong>at</strong>ionLong-range TransportTrend Analysis- S<strong>at</strong>ellite d<strong>at</strong>a(OMI column;24 x 13 km 2 )Quantum CascadeLaser- St<strong>at</strong>isticlal Approaches(receptor moels)x ij= g~ ~ipfpj+g~∑ ∑ip'fq+epp'ijM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> – NETWORKS: CH, EU, worldSwiss <strong>Air</strong> Pollution monitoringnetwork, NABELLausanneEMEP, EULägerenBaselTänikonZürichDübendorfHärkingenChaumontPayerneSionBernRigi<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong><strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>MagadinoLuganoDavosGlobal Atmosphere W<strong>at</strong>ch, GAW, WMO80AlertNy ÅlesundPoint BarrowPallas-Sodankylä40040MaceZugspitze-HohenpeissenbergHead<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>IzanaMt WaliguanMauna LoaAssekrem -TamanrassetKenyaBukit KotoSamoaArembepeTabangMinamitorishimaCape PointAmsterdam IslandCape GrimUshuaia160 80 0 80 160Neumayer St<strong>at</strong>ionSouth Pole8040040LauderAdvanced GlobalAtmosphericGases ExperimentM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>: Greenhouse Gases & Reactive GasesRecommendedfor GAW<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>fundingGreenhouse gasesCH 4NABEL (FOEN, Empa)N 2ONABEL (FOEN, Empa)CFCsSOGE (Empa, FOEN)HCFCs, HFCs , , SOGE (Empa, FOEN)SF 6NABEL (FOEN, Empa)CO 2University <strong>of</strong> BerneReactive gasesO 3NABEL (FOEN, Empa)CONABEL (FOEN, Empa)SO 2NABEL (FOEN, Empa)NO, NO 2, NO y, , , , NABEL (FOEN, Empa)VOCsNABEL (FOEN, Empa)PAN, HNO 3OVOCsH 2, campaignscampaignsEmpa, ETH ZurichNABEL (FOEN, Empa)EmpaLabor<strong>at</strong>ory for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
Non - CO2- Greenhouse GasesMontreal Protocol• CFCs: Fluorochlorocarbons:CFC-11, CFC-12CFC-113• HCFCs: Hydr<strong>of</strong>luorochlorocarbonsHCFC-141b, HCFC-124, HCFC-22,HCFC-142b,• Halones: (containing bromo-<strong>at</strong>oms):H-1301, H-1211Kyoto Protocol• HFCs: Hydr<strong>of</strong>luorocarbons:HFC-125, HFC-134aHFC-152a, HFC-23HFC-365mfc, HFC-245faHFC-227ea• PFCs: perfluorocarbonsCF 4 , C 2 F 6• SF 6 : sulfur hexafluoride:• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
SEARCH: Individual St<strong>at</strong>ion reporthttp://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>ory
Longest records <strong>at</strong> JFJSulph<strong>at</strong>e [ g/m 3 ]0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>TSP [g/m 3 ]0 5 10 15 20 251973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006Labor<strong>at</strong>ory for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
Trend Detection for Emission Reduction ControlCarbon Monoxide Trend <strong>at</strong> <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>• JFJ CO time series (one hourly d<strong>at</strong>a) <strong>from</strong> 1996 to 2007 -The light blue curve represents a fitted baseline and the orange line the trend(after Thoning, et al., 1989, Novelli, et al., 1998; Novelli, et al., 2003)• 21.3% carbon monoxide decrease <strong>from</strong> 1996 to 2007 <strong>at</strong> JFJ• Corresponds to an annual decrease <strong>of</strong> 1.78% - or 2.66 ppb/year<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
CO – Emissions Inventories vs. MeasurementsEmission d<strong>at</strong>a <strong>from</strong> http://d<strong>at</strong>aservice.eea.europa.eu/d<strong>at</strong>aservice/metadetails.asp?id=1013Yearly CO mixing r<strong>at</strong>ios rel. to 1997 (St<strong>at</strong>ions) / rel. CO emissions (Countries)0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0BERHAELAULUGSIOZUEJFJHPB1990 1995 2000 2005YearATCHDEFRIT• CO decrease mainlybecause <strong>of</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong>emissions• Traffic influenced sitesin Switzerland (BER,LAU)show strongest COdecrease• Decrease <strong>at</strong> JFJ lesspronounced, most likelydue to influence <strong>of</strong> longrangetransport• Global scale events,e.g. enhanced biomassburning in 1998, isvisible in JFJ d<strong>at</strong>aJFJ is well situ<strong>at</strong>ed to study both large-scale changes and regional air quality<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>ory
Contributions <strong>of</strong> European countriesCarbonmonoxide @ <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> (Jun 02 – Dez 04)
Sp<strong>at</strong>ial Represent<strong>at</strong>ivenessAdvection <strong>from</strong> “Low Northern L<strong>at</strong>itudes” @ JFJCHCl3 [ppt]6 8 10 12 14H2 [ppb]460 500 540CH4 [ppb]1780 1820 1860CO [ppb]70 80 90 11009/28 09/30 10/02 10/0409/28 09/30 10/02 10/04time09/28 09/30 10/02 10/04D<strong>at</strong>e [mm/dd]09/28 09/30 10/02 10/04D<strong>at</strong>e [mm/dd]An advection <strong>of</strong> clean maritime air masses <strong>from</strong> low northern l<strong>at</strong>itudes led tolow CH 4, CO, and CHCl 3and elev<strong>at</strong>ed H 2mixing r<strong>at</strong>ios on October 1 st .Labor<strong>at</strong>ory for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
CH 4 <strong>at</strong> JFJ - Influence <strong>of</strong> <strong>Air</strong> Mass OriginMeasurements+Trajectories<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> onlyLabor<strong>at</strong>ory <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>ory TechnologyM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
CH 4 <strong>at</strong> JFJ - Influence <strong>of</strong> <strong>Air</strong> Mass OriginMeasurements+Trajectories<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> onlyWMO WDCGG d<strong>at</strong>a summary,WDCGG report #30 (2006)Labor<strong>at</strong>ory <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>ory TechnologyM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
CH4 and N2O <strong>at</strong> JFJ and AGAGE sitesCH4 [ppb]1700 1750 1800 1850a)MCJFJTHRPCMCGN2O [ppb]318 319 320 321b)MCJFJTHRPCMCG2005/01 2006/01 2007/01 2008/0time (yyyy/mm)2005/01 2006/01 2007/01 2008/time (yyyy/mm)MC: Mace Head (53°N); JFJ (46°N), TH: Trinidad Head (41°N); RP: RaggedPoint, Barbados (13°N); CM: Cape M<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>ula, American Samoa (14°S);CG: Cape Grim (40°S).Labor<strong>at</strong>ory for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
Non - CO2- Greenhouse GasesMontreal Protocol• CFCs: Fluorochlorocarbons:CFC-11, CFC-12CFC-113• HCFCs: Hydr<strong>of</strong>luorochlorocarbonsHCFC-141b, HCFC-124, HCFC-22,HCFC-142b,• Halones: (containing bromo-<strong>at</strong>oms):H-1301, H-1211Kyoto Protocol• HFCs: Hydr<strong>of</strong>luorocarbons:HFC-125, HFC-134aHFC-152a, HFC-23HFC-365mfc, HFC-245faHFC-227ea• PFCs: perfluorocarbonsCF 4 , C 2 F 6• SF 6 : sulfur hexafluoride:• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryMEDUSAM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
F134a (refrigerant)Emission Estim<strong>at</strong>ion200150<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>Mace HeadNy-Alesundppt1005002000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005NWP modelsSource regionsM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Renewed European emissions <strong>of</strong> HCFC-141b?5040HCFC 141bbanned inEurope since 2003ppt3020<strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> (CH)Mace Head (IRE)Ny-Alesund (N)102004 2005 2006 2007095 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Foam blowing agent HFC-152a: Emissions <strong>from</strong> Europe2004 2005 2006 2007F-152a2006N<strong>at</strong>ional Communic<strong>at</strong>ions to UNFCCCAustriaBelgiumGermanyFranceItalySpain2003520 t330 t1880 t460 t- t- t2004529 t288 t1333 t297 t- t- tM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Foam blowing agent HFC-152a: Emissions <strong>from</strong> Europe2004 2005 2006 2007F-152a2007N<strong>at</strong>ional Communic<strong>at</strong>ions to UNFCCCAustriaBelgiumGermanyFranceItalySpain2003520 t330 t1880 t460 t- t2004529 t288 t1333 t297 t- t177 t 187 t2005574 t204 t781 t313 t- t170 t2006416 t208 t669 t318 t- t113 tM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Benefit <strong>of</strong> long-term seriescompared to short-term campaignsOzone-destroying trichloroethane<strong>Air</strong>-planeCampaignW-Europe<strong>Air</strong>-planeCampaignCreta2000 2001 2002<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
according tocampaigns and long-term<strong>measurements</strong>0.3 -3.4 Gg/Jahr4 years continuous<strong>measurements</strong><strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> / Mace Head> 20 Gg/year4 days aircraftobserv<strong>at</strong>ions aboveEuropeReimann et al., N<strong>at</strong>ure (2005)Krol et al., N<strong>at</strong>ure (2003)<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
Independent verific<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> Emissions30European H(C)FCs emissions: <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> vs. inventorieskt/Jahr kt/year2010EU inventories20002001200220032004200520060HFC-134a HFC-125 HFC-152a HCFC-141b<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
New foam blowing HFCs <strong>at</strong> <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>21.5ppt1HFC-245fa (pentafluoropropane)0.5HFC-365mfc (pentafluorobutane)02003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Instrument development(fast and high-precision (QCL) laser spectroscopy )CH 4 , N 2 O, CO 2 , H 2 O, NO 213C 16 O 16 O, 12 C 18 O 16 O, 14 N 15 N 16 O, 15 N 14 N 16 O12C 16 O 18 O13C 16 O 16O12C 16 O 16OSimul<strong>at</strong>ed ν3 ro-vibr<strong>at</strong>ional bands <strong>of</strong> the CO 2
JFJ future Atmospheric ICOS site ?First timeTestphasecontinuous<strong>of</strong> antime13seriesC<strong>of</strong> CO 2 Isotopes12CO 2C 18 O 213CO 2ICOS: Integr<strong>at</strong>ed Carbon Observ<strong>at</strong>ion System: Ecosystem & Atmospheric Sites: ESFRIAtmospheric Site: CO2, 13CO2, 18CO2, CH4, N2O, H2, O2/N2, SF6, 222Radon,CH Funding for Long-term EU infrastructure Programme (ESFRI): ?<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Current Cooper<strong>at</strong>ionsGIRPASUniversity<strong>of</strong> BernBIRAMeteoSwissGreenhouse Gases& Reactive Gase222RadonUniversity<strong>of</strong> BaselM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog yPSIETHZ(Lohmann)ETHZ(Peter, Stählein)AGAGEMIT, CSIRO,SCRIPPS,University <strong>of</strong> Bristol<strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology Labor<strong>at</strong>oryM<strong>at</strong>erials Sci ence & Technolog y
Papers <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> 2007-2008• Legreid, G., Folini, D., Staehelin, J., Balzani Lööv, J., Steinbacher, M. and Reimann, S. (2008). Measurements <strong>of</strong> organic trace gasesincluding oxygen<strong>at</strong>ed vol<strong>at</strong>ile organic compounds <strong>at</strong> the high alpine site <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> (Switzerland): Seasonal vari<strong>at</strong>ion and sourcealloc<strong>at</strong>ions. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 113(D05307, doi:10.1029/2007JD008653.).• Maione, M., Giostra, U., Arduini, J., Belfiore, L., Furlani, F., Geniali, A., Mangani, G., Vollmer, M. K. and Reimann, S. (2008).Localiz<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> source regions <strong>of</strong> selected hydr<strong>of</strong>luorocarbons combining d<strong>at</strong>a collected <strong>at</strong> two European mountain st<strong>at</strong>ions. Science<strong>of</strong> The Total Environment 391(2-3): 232-240.• Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Folini, D., Steinbacher, M., Hill, M., Buchmann, B., Zander, R. and Mahieu, E. (2008). Observ<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong>long-lived anthropogenic halocarbons <strong>at</strong> the high-Alpine site <strong>of</strong> <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> (Switzerland) for assessment <strong>of</strong> trends and Europeansources. Science <strong>of</strong> The Total Environment 391(2-3): 224-31.• Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M. K., Buchmann, B. and Reimann, S. (2008). An evalu<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> the current radi<strong>at</strong>ive forcing benefit <strong>of</strong> theMontreal Protocol <strong>at</strong> the high-Alpine site <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>. Science <strong>of</strong> The Total Environment 391(2-3): 217-223.• Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Duch<strong>at</strong>elet, P., Roland, G., Servais, C., Maziere, M. D., Reimann, S. and Rinsland, C. P.(2008). Our changing <strong>at</strong>mosphere: Evidence based on long-term infrared solar observ<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> since 1950. Science<strong>of</strong> The Total Environment 391(2-3): 184-195..• Cozic, J., Verheggen, B., Weingartner, E., Crosier, J., Bower, K. N., Flynn, M., Coe, H., Henning, S., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S.,Collaud Coen, M., Petzold, A. and Baltensperger, U. (2008). Chemical composition <strong>of</strong> free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarsemode <strong>at</strong> the high alpine site <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8(2): 407-423• Stemmler, K., Folini, D., Ubl, S., Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Doherty, S. O., Greally, B. R., Simmonds, P. G. and Manning, A. J.(2007). European emissions <strong>of</strong> HFC-365mfc, a chlorine-free substitute for the foam blowing agents HCFC-141b and CFC-11.Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(4): 1145-1151.• Kaiser, A., Scheifinger, H., Spangl, W., Weiss, A., Gilge, S., Fricke, W., Ries, L., Cemas, D. and Jesenovec, B. (2007). Transport <strong>of</strong>nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere W<strong>at</strong>ch st<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> (Switzerland), Zugspitzeand Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia). Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9273-9287.• Derwent, R. G., Simmonds, P. G., Greally, B. R., O'Doherty, S., McCulloch, A., Manning, A., Reimann, S., Folini, D. and Vollmer, M.K. (2007). The phase-in and phase-out <strong>of</strong> European emissions <strong>of</strong> HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under the Montreal Protocol:Evidence <strong>from</strong> observ<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>at</strong> Mace Head, Ireland and <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong>, Switzerland <strong>from</strong> 1994 to 2004. Atmospheric Environment41(4): 757-767.• Greally, B. R., et al. (2007). Observ<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) <strong>at</strong> AGAGE and SOGE monitoring st<strong>at</strong>ions in 1994-2004and derived global and regional emission estim<strong>at</strong>es. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 112(D6).• Maione, M., Giostra, U., Arduini, J., Belfiore, L., Furlani, F., Geniali, A., Mangani, G., Vollmer, M. K. and Reimann, S. (2008).Localiz<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> source regions <strong>of</strong> selected hydr<strong>of</strong>luorocarbons combining d<strong>at</strong>a collected <strong>at</strong> two European mountain st<strong>at</strong>ions. Science<strong>of</strong> The Total Environment 391(2-3): 232-240.Labor<strong>at</strong>ory for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
Thanks to: S. Reimann, M.K. Vollmer, M. Hill D. Brunner, S. Henne C. Hüglin, M. Steinbacher, B. Schwarzenbach L. Emmenegger, B. Tuzsonand Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Found<strong>at</strong>ion High AltitudeResearch St<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>Jungfraujoch</strong> andGornergr<strong>at</strong> MeteoSwiss, BAFU, SNF all research partnerAGAGE/NOAA teamLabor<strong>at</strong>ory for <strong>Air</strong> Pollution/Environmental Technology
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