1fvxXm4
1fvxXm4 1fvxXm4
the fight against racism can only be successfulif governments support an anti-discriminationpolicy and violations are punished.Some positive steps in this direction can beobserved in Italy, Serbia and Russia.In general, minorities are heavily underrepresentedin coaching and managerialpositions in sport, particularly in football.Only 3% of football coaches in the UnitedKingdom are black, whereas around 20%of players are black. In addition to “hard”quotas and regulations there are good practicesthat seek to achieve the same goal bymeans of softer approaches (such as specifictraining courses for minorities or equalitystandards for clubs).Young people from a migrant backgroundseem to have an affinity with combat sports.It was shown that significantly more childrenand young adolescents from ethnic minoritiespractise boxing, judo and karate than“natives”. Contact sports have the potentialto serve as a good entry point when it comesto approaching and supporting ethnic minorities.Growing numbers of ethnically homogenoussport clubs are forming at grassroots levelin some European countries and these existmainly in urban regions. On the one hand,governments have been seen to try to steeraway from such developments but, on theother hand, these teams offer an entry pointfor groups in society that might not otherwisefind their way into sport. Furtherresearch is required to understand the roleand potential of homogeneous clubs.Coaches play a key role in influencing accessto sport for all. However, research findingssuggest that, today, coaches lack the qualificationsnecessary to deal with diversity andinclusion. The survey showed that clubs areless attractive for girls, children from amigrant background and those with limitedskills.It is recommended to develop specific coachingmodules focusing on diversity and inclusion,and to develop codes of conduct for allrelevant stakeholders (children, coaches,referees, parents, managers, etc.). Forschools, it is recommended to set up anonline forum on diversity and inclusion andto organise regular workshops to makeyoung people aware of the issue of racismand other forms of discrimination.Discrimination in sport based on genderGirls are less active than boys as regardsparticipation in sport outside school (with70% of girls participating, compared with83% of boys). Less than 50% of the girls surveyedhave ever joined a club (compared with67% of boys). Moreover, girls coming frommigrant backgrounds are discriminatedagainst twice over. They have a lower rate ofparticipation in sports than boys (18 percentagepoints lower), which falls further (another6 percentage points) if they come froma migrant background.The survey also showed major differences ofopinion regarding the suitability of individualsports for girls. For instance, 40% of boysbelieved that boxing was not suitable forgirls, compared with 26% of girls. The samegender gap could be observed for all sportstested. The boys’ stereotypes regarding thesuitability of sports for girls would seemto be a major barrier to overcoming genderdiscrimination.Women remain under-represented in coachingand managerial positions in sport. Intensifyingefforts that enable children to identifywith women, and people from ethnic minoritygroups, as role models will help changeassumptions, such as boys’ stereotypesregarding girls’ abilities, which cement barriersto participation. Enabling these groupsto demonstrate their ability to perform insports that are traditionally dominated bywhite men will benefit sport structures incountries across Europe.Although separate changing rooms were akey issue highlighted by experts as a way ofimproving female participation in sport, thesurvey results showed that other issueswere more of a concern. Surprisingly, onlyiiKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT
12% of girls (compared with 19% of boys) listeda lack of facilities (changing rooms, pitches,etc.) as their reason for inactivity outsideof school.The study challenged the assumption thatboys are looking to improve their skills,whereas the social element (i.e. team spirit)is more relevant for girls. It showed that thedevelopment of skills is even more importantfor girls than it is for boys, while teamspirit is significantly more important for boyswhen deciding to join a club.Regional differences in terms ofdiscrimination in sportRegional differences in terms of acceptancelevels for different kinds of discriminationwere observed. In western Europe, racismis broadly viewed as a serious “injustice”,whereas homophobia is still regarded asless serious. In eastern Europe, the fightagainst racism has only just begun while otherforms of discrimination are stillbroadly tolerated. Homophobia, for example,remains a legal form of discrimination insome eastern European countries.These regional differences also extend toactivity levels. The percentage of childrenplaying sport outside school is lower in easternEurope (73%) than in the other regions(80%), and the percentage of those participatingin organised sports is below 50% inthe east (compared with over 60% in otherregions).Young people in eastern Europe also havefewer friends with a different skin colour andcorrespondingly lower tolerance when itcomes to accepting their presence in thesame team. Furthermore, only 63% of thesurvey respondents from eastern Europethink that the two sexes can play footballtogether (compared with 70% in westernand 78% in southern Europe).There is strong evidence that discriminationbased on race, religion, ethnicity, nationalityand gender is a bigger issue in easternEurope than in the west. However, expertssuggest that economic factors seem to bethe primary barrier to a broad level of accessto sport in eastern Europe. As having amigrant background and coming from alow-income family are highly correlated,there is an even greater need to make sportsactivities affordable for people in thesesocial groups that wish to participate.Ultimately, public and private sectors need ahealthy society in which more human needsare met and aspirations grow to createexpanding demand for business. It is recommendedthat both sectors make inclusivepolicy, such as codes of conduct and curricula,a pre-requisite for support of different initiatives,and take necessary steps to promoteminimum standards of diversity andinclusion among all stakeholders.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONiii
- Page 1 and 2: inationin SportComparative Study on
- Page 3: Executive summaryThis study was com
- Page 7 and 8: ForewordIs there still evidence now
- Page 9 and 10: ContentsExecutive SummaryiForewordv
- Page 11 and 12: 1. IntroductionThis study examines
- Page 13 and 14: 1.2. Our approachQualitative and qu
- Page 15 and 16: LimitationsThe target group of chil
- Page 17 and 18: 2. Discrimination in sportbased on
- Page 19 and 20: Have you ever been insulted by anot
- Page 21 and 22: One possible solution is to forcibl
- Page 23 and 24: Our interviews with experts and pro
- Page 25 and 26: 3. Discrimination in sportbased on
- Page 27 and 28: school, boys were seen as being str
- Page 29 and 30: 45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%NoNo te
- Page 31 and 32: 4. Regional differences interms of
- Page 33 and 34: Why don’t you play sports outside
- Page 35 and 36: Scene 1 - Discrimination based on s
- Page 37 and 38: 5. RecommendationsThe study provide
- Page 39 and 40: 3 Promote women and 4 Create equiva
- Page 41 and 42: ResearchersThis study has contribut
- Page 43: NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONSProvi
- Page 46 and 47: Name Organisation CountryProf. Gunt
- Page 48 and 49: King Baudouin FoundationWorking tog
12% of girls (compared with 19% of boys) listeda lack of facilities (changing rooms, pitches,etc.) as their reason for inactivity outsideof school.The study challenged the assumption thatboys are looking to improve their skills,whereas the social element (i.e. team spirit)is more relevant for girls. It showed that thedevelopment of skills is even more importantfor girls than it is for boys, while teamspirit is significantly more important for boyswhen deciding to join a club.Regional differences in terms ofdiscrimination in sportRegional differences in terms of acceptancelevels for different kinds of discriminationwere observed. In western Europe, racismis broadly viewed as a serious “injustice”,whereas homophobia is still regarded asless serious. In eastern Europe, the fightagainst racism has only just begun while otherforms of discrimination are stillbroadly tolerated. Homophobia, for example,remains a legal form of discrimination insome eastern European countries.These regional differences also extend toactivity levels. The percentage of childrenplaying sport outside school is lower in easternEurope (73%) than in the other regions(80%), and the percentage of those participatingin organised sports is below 50% inthe east (compared with over 60% in otherregions).Young people in eastern Europe also havefewer friends with a different skin colour andcorrespondingly lower tolerance when itcomes to accepting their presence in thesame team. Furthermore, only 63% of thesurvey respondents from eastern Europethink that the two sexes can play footballtogether (compared with 70% in westernand 78% in southern Europe).There is strong evidence that discriminationbased on race, religion, ethnicity, nationalityand gender is a bigger issue in easternEurope than in the west. However, expertssuggest that economic factors seem to bethe primary barrier to a broad level of accessto sport in eastern Europe. As having amigrant background and coming from alow-income family are highly correlated,there is an even greater need to make sportsactivities affordable for people in thesesocial groups that wish to participate.Ultimately, public and private sectors need ahealthy society in which more human needsare met and aspirations grow to createexpanding demand for business. It is recommendedthat both sectors make inclusivepolicy, such as codes of conduct and curricula,a pre-requisite for support of different initiatives,and take necessary steps to promoteminimum standards of diversity andinclusion among all stakeholders.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONiii
Change language