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the fight against racism can only be successfulif governments support an anti-discriminationpolicy and violations are punished.Some positive steps in this direction can beobserved in Italy, Serbia and Russia.In general, minorities are heavily underrepresentedin coaching and managerialpositions in sport, particularly in football.Only 3% of football coaches in the UnitedKingdom are black, whereas around 20%of players are black. In addition to “hard”quotas and regulations there are good practicesthat seek to achieve the same goal bymeans of softer approaches (such as specifictraining courses for minorities or equalitystandards for clubs).Young people from a migrant backgroundseem to have an affinity with combat sports.It was shown that significantly more childrenand young adolescents from ethnic minoritiespractise boxing, judo and karate than“natives”. Contact sports have the potentialto serve as a good entry point when it comesto approaching and supporting ethnic minorities.Growing numbers of ethnically homogenoussport clubs are forming at grassroots levelin some European countries and these existmainly in urban regions. On the one hand,governments have been seen to try to steeraway from such developments but, on theother hand, these teams offer an entry pointfor groups in society that might not otherwisefind their way into sport. Furtherresearch is required to understand the roleand potential of homogeneous clubs.Coaches play a key role in influencing accessto sport for all. However, research findingssuggest that, today, coaches lack the qualificationsnecessary to deal with diversity andinclusion. The survey showed that clubs areless attractive for girls, children from amigrant background and those with limitedskills.It is recommended to develop specific coachingmodules focusing on diversity and inclusion,and to develop codes of conduct for allrelevant stakeholders (children, coaches,referees, parents, managers, etc.). Forschools, it is recommended to set up anonline forum on diversity and inclusion andto organise regular workshops to makeyoung people aware of the issue of racismand other forms of discrimination.Discrimination in sport based on genderGirls are less active than boys as regardsparticipation in sport outside school (with70% of girls participating, compared with83% of boys). Less than 50% of the girls surveyedhave ever joined a club (compared with67% of boys). Moreover, girls coming frommigrant backgrounds are discriminatedagainst twice over. They have a lower rate ofparticipation in sports than boys (18 percentagepoints lower), which falls further (another6 percentage points) if they come froma migrant background.The survey also showed major differences ofopinion regarding the suitability of individualsports for girls. For instance, 40% of boysbelieved that boxing was not suitable forgirls, compared with 26% of girls. The samegender gap could be observed for all sportstested. The boys’ stereotypes regarding thesuitability of sports for girls would seemto be a major barrier to overcoming genderdiscrimination.Women remain under-represented in coachingand managerial positions in sport. Intensifyingefforts that enable children to identifywith women, and people from ethnic minoritygroups, as role models will help changeassumptions, such as boys’ stereotypesregarding girls’ abilities, which cement barriersto participation. Enabling these groupsto demonstrate their ability to perform insports that are traditionally dominated bywhite men will benefit sport structures incountries across Europe.Although separate changing rooms were akey issue highlighted by experts as a way ofimproving female participation in sport, thesurvey results showed that other issueswere more of a concern. Surprisingly, onlyiiKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT