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inationin SportComparative Study on Young People in EuropeRolf Schwery, Haley McInnis, Daniel Cade (Eds.)

Discrimination in Sport.Comparative Study on Young People in EuropeA publication of the King Baudouin Foundation,rue Brederode 21, 1000 BrusselsAuthors:Coordination:King Baudouin:Foundation:Graphic Concept:Layout:R. Schwery, H. McInnis, D. CadeSchwery Consulting, Güterstrasse 13, 2500 Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. www.schwery.comFrançoise PissartAnn De MolIlse TeughelsR. SchweryM. HägleLegal deposit: D/2893/2013/16ISBN-13: 978-90-5130-816-7EAN: 9789051308167Order Number: 3164This publication can be downloaded free of charge from www.kbs-frb.beThis publication is available free of charge: order online from www.kbs-frb.be,by e-mail at publi@kbs-frb.be or call King Baudouin Foundations’Contact Center +32-70-233 728, fax + 32-70-233-727September 2013With the support of NikeKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

Executive summaryThis study was commissioned by the KingBaudouin Foundation (KBF) with the objectiveof studying the current state of discriminationin sport in Europe. It was conductedbetween July 2012 and March 2013 in 11European countries. It was implemented bySchwery Consulting, a social enterpriseworking in the field of sport and corporatesocial responsibility with a specific focus oneastern Europe.Research looked at discrimination on thebasis of race, religion, ethnicity, nationalityand gender. It examined the barriers preventingchildren and young adolescents(here, people aged between 10 and 14) fromparticipating in organised and non-organisedsports.MethodologyQualitative and quantitative research toolswere applied to ensure that the findings hada solid scientific grounding. An innovativetechnique – the Crowdsourced ResearchTool (CRTOOL) – was piloted in order tosecure first-hand accounts from young peopleregarding their attitudes and experiencesin the area of discrimination in sport. TheCRTOOL consisted of an interactive onlinesurvey and a managed discussion forum,with a special effort made to make it fun. Onepositive side-effect of this research tool wasthat the children were able to gain experienceof using social media.Each country provided a sample comprisingroughly 120 children, with 1,233 participantsin total. The discussions on the online forumwere often quite passionate, with childrenfrom Netherlands, for example, contributing276 comments to a discussion thread in thespace of just one month.In addition to the survey and the discussionforum, semi-structured qualitative interviewswere conducted with experts andproject officers. Interviews were conductedwith a total of 47 people, during which detailsof 44 good practices were collected. Most ofthe interviews took longer than the allocatedtime, demonstrating the interviewees’ enthusiasmfor this subject.As far as the authors are aware, this is thefirst report presenting comparative empiricaldata on the topic of discrimination insport among young people in Europe. It concludeswith a set of recommendations developedfor sports organisers, schools, NGOsand researchers, as well as the private andpublic sectors.Discrimination in sport based on race,religion, ethnicity and nationalityThe study showed that, in general, Europe’syoung people are not racist. Four out of fivechildren and young adolescents surveyedhave friends with a different skin colour;82% think that “it is good to have playerswith different skin colours in the same footballteam”, and there is no disparity betweenboys and girls regarding this attitude.However, the fight against racism remainsan ongoing task. 16% of respondents feeldiscriminated against because of their skincolour or religion. One in ten has been avictim of a racist incident. These figuresdouble for young people from a migrantbackground. A tendency towards racismin young people is often a consequence ofsocialising with a peer group that is influencedby organised racist groups. To counteractthis, face-to-face work is recommendedto identify dissonance between attitudesand behaviour and offer non-racist alternativeswith the same “fun factor”.During difficult economic times there is anincreasing tendency towards discrimination,which is often aggravated by budget cutsfor inclusive initiatives. Experts agree thatDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONi

the fight against racism can only be successfulif governments support an anti-discriminationpolicy and violations are punished.Some positive steps in this direction can beobserved in Italy, Serbia and Russia.In general, minorities are heavily underrepresentedin coaching and managerialpositions in sport, particularly in football.Only 3% of football coaches in the UnitedKingdom are black, whereas around 20%of players are black. In addition to “hard”quotas and regulations there are good practicesthat seek to achieve the same goal bymeans of softer approaches (such as specifictraining courses for minorities or equalitystandards for clubs).Young people from a migrant backgroundseem to have an affinity with combat sports.It was shown that significantly more childrenand young adolescents from ethnic minoritiespractise boxing, judo and karate than“natives”. Contact sports have the potentialto serve as a good entry point when it comesto approaching and supporting ethnic minorities.Growing numbers of ethnically homogenoussport clubs are forming at grassroots levelin some European countries and these existmainly in urban regions. On the one hand,governments have been seen to try to steeraway from such developments but, on theother hand, these teams offer an entry pointfor groups in society that might not otherwisefind their way into sport. Furtherresearch is required to understand the roleand potential of homogeneous clubs.Coaches play a key role in influencing accessto sport for all. However, research findingssuggest that, today, coaches lack the qualificationsnecessary to deal with diversity andinclusion. The survey showed that clubs areless attractive for girls, children from amigrant background and those with limitedskills.It is recommended to develop specific coachingmodules focusing on diversity and inclusion,and to develop codes of conduct for allrelevant stakeholders (children, coaches,referees, parents, managers, etc.). Forschools, it is recommended to set up anonline forum on diversity and inclusion andto organise regular workshops to makeyoung people aware of the issue of racismand other forms of discrimination.Discrimination in sport based on genderGirls are less active than boys as regardsparticipation in sport outside school (with70% of girls participating, compared with83% of boys). Less than 50% of the girls surveyedhave ever joined a club (compared with67% of boys). Moreover, girls coming frommigrant backgrounds are discriminatedagainst twice over. They have a lower rate ofparticipation in sports than boys (18 percentagepoints lower), which falls further (another6 percentage points) if they come froma migrant background.The survey also showed major differences ofopinion regarding the suitability of individualsports for girls. For instance, 40% of boysbelieved that boxing was not suitable forgirls, compared with 26% of girls. The samegender gap could be observed for all sportstested. The boys’ stereotypes regarding thesuitability of sports for girls would seemto be a major barrier to overcoming genderdiscrimination.Women remain under-represented in coachingand managerial positions in sport. Intensifyingefforts that enable children to identifywith women, and people from ethnic minoritygroups, as role models will help changeassumptions, such as boys’ stereotypesregarding girls’ abilities, which cement barriersto participation. Enabling these groupsto demonstrate their ability to perform insports that are traditionally dominated bywhite men will benefit sport structures incountries across Europe.Although separate changing rooms were akey issue highlighted by experts as a way ofimproving female participation in sport, thesurvey results showed that other issueswere more of a concern. Surprisingly, onlyiiKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

12% of girls (compared with 19% of boys) listeda lack of facilities (changing rooms, pitches,etc.) as their reason for inactivity outsideof school.The study challenged the assumption thatboys are looking to improve their skills,whereas the social element (i.e. team spirit)is more relevant for girls. It showed that thedevelopment of skills is even more importantfor girls than it is for boys, while teamspirit is significantly more important for boyswhen deciding to join a club.Regional differences in terms ofdiscrimination in sportRegional differences in terms of acceptancelevels for different kinds of discriminationwere observed. In western Europe, racismis broadly viewed as a serious “injustice”,whereas homophobia is still regarded asless serious. In eastern Europe, the fightagainst racism has only just begun while otherforms of discrimination are stillbroadly tolerated. Homophobia, for example,remains a legal form of discrimination insome eastern European countries.These regional differences also extend toactivity levels. The percentage of childrenplaying sport outside school is lower in easternEurope (73%) than in the other regions(80%), and the percentage of those participatingin organised sports is below 50% inthe east (compared with over 60% in otherregions).Young people in eastern Europe also havefewer friends with a different skin colour andcorrespondingly lower tolerance when itcomes to accepting their presence in thesame team. Furthermore, only 63% of thesurvey respondents from eastern Europethink that the two sexes can play footballtogether (compared with 70% in westernand 78% in southern Europe).There is strong evidence that discriminationbased on race, religion, ethnicity, nationalityand gender is a bigger issue in easternEurope than in the west. However, expertssuggest that economic factors seem to bethe primary barrier to a broad level of accessto sport in eastern Europe. As having amigrant background and coming from alow-income family are highly correlated,there is an even greater need to make sportsactivities affordable for people in thesesocial groups that wish to participate.Ultimately, public and private sectors need ahealthy society in which more human needsare met and aspirations grow to createexpanding demand for business. It is recommendedthat both sectors make inclusivepolicy, such as codes of conduct and curricula,a pre-requisite for support of different initiatives,and take necessary steps to promoteminimum standards of diversity andinclusion among all stakeholders.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONiii

KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION

ForewordIs there still evidence now in 2013 of discrimination in sport in our society? And to whatextent is discrimination an obstacle for youngsters who want to do sports? This reportsupplies an answer to the above questions as well as many others.For years ‘diversity’ and ‘migration/integration’ have remained important topics in thework carried out by the King Baudouin Foundation. Research, study days, publications andsupport for numerous (local) projects are at the top of the list. The same goes for ‘sport andintegration’, both already of particular interest to the Foundation for the past two decades.In 2005 the King Baudouin Foundation launched the ‘Stand Up Speak Up’ campaign toempower football fans to voice opposition to racism in football. The campaign was launchedfollowing a surge in racist incidents in football across Western Europe. Also more subtleforms exist. Ethnic minorities are under-represented in all areas of European football,as spectators, players, referees, and in managerial positions.The aim of Stand Up Speak Up was to encourage the silent majority of non-racist fans tospeak up against racist behaviour in and around football stadiums.The symbol of the campaign was two interlocked wristbands, one black and one white.The wristbands were available for a requested donation. Five million wristbands wereproduced and distributed across Europe.Six million Euros were raised through donations and this money created the Stand UpSpeak Up fund. The fund was managed by the King Baudouin Foundation and supportedby Nike. The fund gave money to over 250 projects across Europe.Now, eight years further on, we want to know to what extent racism – and in a broadersense discrimination – is still present in football and in sport in general.The KBF commissioned Schwery Consulting to carry out research into this issue.It approached youngsters, project supervisors and experts in the four regions of Europe –North, South, West and East. While it’s findings form the basis of this very interestingreport, it also comes up with recommendations for the sports world, education andother stakeholders.Happy reading!The King Baudouin FoundationDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONv

AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank numerous individualswho have contributed to the developmentand implementation of the comparativestudy Discrimination in Sport. The report’sobjectives could not have been met withoutthe dedicated assistance of various specialists,without whom this research projectwould not have been such a success.We are very grateful to the following “countryrepresentatives” for all of their contributionsduring the data collection phase:• Alexander Bikbov, Moscow University,Russia• Alison Warwood, FARE Network, London,United Kingdom• Ann De Mol, King Baudouin Foundation,Brussels, Belgium• Carlos de Cárcer, Fundación Red Deportey Cooperación, Madrid, Spain• Corina Duijndam, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, Netherlands• Emanuele Toscano, La Sapienza University,Rome, Italy• Esin Ileri, EHESS, Istanbul, Turkey• Ivana Miloševic‘, Centre for Developmentand Education, Belgrade, Serbia• Jan Scharlowsky, Berliner Fußball-Verband, Berlin, Germany• Lukasz Jurczyszyn, CommunicationService, Warsaw, Poland• Paul Chartier, Fondation du Sport,Paris, FranceWe are particularly grateful to the Union ofEuropean Football Associations (UEFA), whograciously provided 1,200 ‘Respect Diversity’t-shirts, water bottles, and pins, which weredistributed to students throughout Europewho participated in the online survey.A special thanks to Marco Bernet and histeam from the U10/U11 FC Zürich ‘LetziKids‘for the enthusiasm and energy they providedus during the filming of video clipssimulating discrimination used for the onlinesurvey.We would also like to express our gratitudeto Dan Burrows, Access to Sport at Nike, forhis continued support and feedback, withoutwhom this project would not have beenpossible. Many thanks also to Elena Korffrom Nike’s CEE team for her keen interestand support of this study.Similarly, we would like to acknowledgethe invaluable help provided by Ann De Mol,King Baudouin Foundation, for championingthe development of this research project inseveral capacities, and for her tenaciousfeedback and kind support.viKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

ContentsExecutive SummaryiForewordvAcknowledgmentsvi1. Introduction 12. Discrimination in sport based on race, religion, ethnicity and nationality 73. Discrimination in sport based on gender 154. Regional differences in terms of discrimination in sport 215. Recommendations 27Appendix 35DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONvii

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1. IntroductionThis study examines whether discrimination is still a major barrier preventingyoung people in Europe from participating in sport. The King BaudouinFoundation (KBF) commissioned Schwery Consulting – a social enterpriseworking in the field of sport and social responsibility with a specific focuson eastern Europe – to carry out this study, which was conducted betweenJuly 2012 and March 2013 in 11 European countries.1.1 Objectives of the study1.1. Objectives of the studyIn the past seven years, the KBF has allocatedsignificant funds raised by the “Stand Up,Speak Up” (SUSU) campaign to initiatives andprojects aimed at combating racism in sport.The Mulier Institute, the Centre for Researchon Sports in Society, was tasked with conductinga baseline study to establish guidelinesand identify relevant experts and organisationsin eight western European countries.That report was published in 2005. 1The present study differs from the 2005report in several respects. The objective ofthis study was to look at whether racism andother forms of discrimination are still amajor barrier preventing children and youngadolescents from participating in sport. Inaddition to discrimination based on race, religion,ethnicity and nationality, we also lookedat gender-based discrimination.It has been observed that people typicallyreduce physical activity at transitional pointsin their lives. One of the most critical periodsin a young person’s life is puberty. There isample evidence that physical activity declinessignificantly during these years, even morefor girls than for boys. As a result, we decidedto focus our study on young people betweenthe ages of 10 and 14, despite the methodologicalchallenges that working with this agegroup could potentially pose.Given the popularity and impact of footballin Europe, there was a particular focus onthat sport – but without disregarding othersports, which could potentially differ considerablyas regards discriminatory barriers.Discrimination can occur at various levels; westudied it from the point of entry in terms ofaccess to sports facilities (“access”), to havingthe opportunity to join a club (“membership”),and finally to active promotion and supportwithin the club (“promotion”).In selecting the countries to study, prioritywas given to those with existing project experience,2 taking care to ensure that all of thevarious European regions were representedin the survey. Eastern Europe was especiallycritical, given that there was hardly any previousproject experience that we could draw on.The following countries were selected andgrouped accordingly:1Sterkenburg, Jacco van; Janssens, Jan; Rijnen, Bas (eds.) (2005), Football and Racism. An inventory ofthe problems and solutions in eight West European countries in the framework of the Stand Up Speak Upcampaign, Mulier Institute, Arko Sports Media, Nieuwegein.2Following racist incidents in European football in 2004, a campaign was launched under the slogan“Stand Up, Speak Up”. In addition to raising awareness, the campaign raised money for projects combatingracism in sport. Since its launch, more than 240 projects in 12 countries have been supported.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION1

Western EuropeUnited KingdomThe NetherlandsGermanyFranceBelgiumSouthern EuropeItalySpainTurkeyEastern EuropeSerbiaPolandRussiaChart 1.01: Countries involved in the studyThe research project can be grouped into the following four components:Type of discrimination(racism, gender-baseddiscrimination)Sport differences(football, other sports)Level of discrimination(access, membership,promotion)Regional differences(western, southern,eastern Europe)West South EastFootball Other sportsRacism GenderThe Four DimensionsAccessMembership PrPromotionChart 1.02: Aspects of the research study2KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

1.2. Our approachQualitative and quantitative research toolswere used in order to ensure that findings hadsolid foundations. An innovative technique –the Crowd-sourced Research Tool (CRTOOL)– was piloted in order to secure first-handaccounts from young people regarding theirattitudes and experiences in the area of discriminationin sport. The CRTOOL consistedof an interactive online survey and a manageddiscussion forum. One positive side-effect ofthis research tool was that children were ableto gain experience of using social media.The online survey consisted of questions onparticipants’ backgrounds, attitudes towardssport, membership of clubs, and opinions onracism and gender-related discrimination.Several animations and pictures were usedto make the process more fun. Three videoclips were produced, demonstrating differenttypes of discrimination, and added to thesurvey. 3The ethnicity of the respondents was determinedon the basis of the language they spokein to their parents and/or grandparents. Askingthe children directly was deemed toocomplex and inappropriate for the age group.One-third of the surveyed children stated thatthey spoke to one or both of their parents ina language other than that used with theirteacher at school (and were therefore categorisedas “first-generation migrants” in ourresearch). The same percentage indicatedthat they spoke to one or both of their grandparentsin a language other than that usedwith their parents and teacher (making them“second-generation migrants”). The remainder,those that spoke the same language totheir teachers, parents and grandparents,were categorised as “natives” in our research.The surveys were conducted in both publicand private schools in the capital cities ofeach country. Six different schools werechosen in each country, and these camefrom different neighbourhoods in order togather more comprehensive data across thefull socioeconomic spectrum. Each countryprovided a sample of roughly 120 children,with a total of 1,233 children participating,and boys and girls were represented innearly equal proportions (see Chart 1.03).There were passionate discussions onlinevia the CRTOOL. In total, more than 1,000comments were registered, with the mostactive discussion taking place in Netherlands(where there were 276 comments on a singlediscussion thread).Background information■ Crowd-sourcedResearch ToolCrowd-sourcing is the practiceof obtaining feedback froma large group of people usingthe power of social media.To complete the research task,a special application – theCRTOOL – was created.There are several advantagesto using the CRTOOL:• measurable – qualitative andquantitative data could becollected• monitored – experts guidedthe participants and monitoredthe process carefully• flexible – user-friendly 24-houraccess for participants givingfeedback• fun – with animations, photosand video clips• low-cost – less expensive thantraditional techniques(e.g. focus group discussions)• educational – participantscould gain awareness of socialmedia.350Number of children(44 refused to answer)300250200150100Σ 1,233 pupils5009 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 >17Age (in years)Chart 1.03: Survey participants by age and gender3The clips were produced with the help of the Under-10 and Under-11 teams of FC Zürich “LetziKids”.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION3

Background information■ Good practicesA good practice is defined as anapproach or method that showssuperior results relative to otherapproaches or methods in termsof achieving a certain objective.Logically, good practices are onlyvalid for a certain time period andregion. There is no judgment onwhether the objective itself ispraiseworthy.To qualify as a good practice:• it should be a real practice,not just an idea of what couldbe done;• the approach or method shouldstand out by comparison withothers, allowing a certainobjective to be achieved in amore efficient way;• there must be some evidenceof the superiority of its results.In-depth interviews were conducted with atleast two leading experts in the field of discriminationin each country. A semi-structuredinterview framework was developed inorder to encourage those experts to discusstheir views and express their opinions regardingdiscrimination in their cultures – specificallyits presence in youth sport in their countries.In-depth interviews were also conducted withtwo project officers per country, peoplewith direct experience of implementing antidiscriminationprojects at grassroots level.In countries where SUSU funded projectswere supported, we were interested in interviewingproject officers and participantswho had seen those anti-discrimination programmesfirst-hand in order to learn fromtheir local experience.In total, 47 people were interviewed (see listof interviewed people in the appendix). Althoughthey were planned to last approximately45 minutes, most of the interviewstook more than one hour. This gives someKey figures1144471,2331,324Countries involvedGood practicesIn-depth interviewsChildren surveyedFreebies distributedindication of the enthusiasm that intervieweeshad with regard to this issue. Mostof the interviews were conducted by phoneor via Skype and were recorded. A couple ofinterviews were conducted face-to-face onaccount of geographical proximity.During the interviews, we listened out forexamples of good practices, recording a totalof 44 measures of this kind. We avoided theterm “best practices”, which would logicallyrequire some proof of superiority by comparisonwith all other approaches.ProjectofficersExpertsPupilsInterviewsInterviewsInterviewsModeratorInterviewsReportCRTOOL designSchool selectionSurveyDiscussionand pollsFeedbackChart 1.04: Overview of the project’s main pillars4KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

LimitationsThe target group of children and youngadolescents between 10 and 14 years of agecannot speak for the attitudes of the generalpopulation regarding racism and other formsof discrimination in sport. Racist incidentsmaking the headlines in newspapers takeplace nearly exclusively at the level of professionalsport. Nevertheless, the insightsprovided by this survey of young people allowus a glimpse of the future using an age groupthat is still largely free of ideological convictionsand their various manifestations.The focus of this study was discriminationbased on race, religion, ethnicity, nationalityand gender. Other forms of discrimination –such as homophobia, or discrimination basedon disability, economic status or individualskills – were either peripheral to our studyor could not be examined using the age groupchosen. Some research gaps are outlined inthe chapter looking at recommendations.The survey data from those 11 countries hasto be interpreted with caution, as it was gatheredin schools situated in the countries’capital cities. Discrimination in sport in ruralareas may differ significantly from experiencesin urban centres. The interviews withexperts and project officers were only partiallyable to compensate for this limitation.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION5

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2. Discrimination in sportbased on race, religion,ethnicity and nationalityDiscrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity and nationality (henceforthgrouped together and referred to as “racism”) continues to be awidespread phenomenon in Europe. 4the fact that there is still a lot of ground to cover.1.1 Objectives of the studyAccording to a 2010 AmnestyInternational report on human rights, the economic downturn has ledto a rise in discrimination, racism and xenophobia in Europe. 5Racismmanifests itself both (i) institutionally, in schools and sports clubs, and (ii)overtly, in stadiums and other places where sports fans meet. Even inregions where robust measures are in place to combat racism, andwhere expert NGOs focusing on the issues are backed by both publicand private support, high-profile racist incidents still arise, reinforcingBackground information■ Overt versus institutionalracismOvert racism: that which isconsciously carried out in publicplaces, which intends to damageor harm those on the receivingend.Institutional racism: any kindof system of inequality based onrace. It can occur in institutionssuch as public government bodies,private business corporations,and schools (public and private).The majority of young peopleare not racist …The survey asked young people about theirattitudes towards other ethnic groups. It showedthat the majority of young people inEurope today are not racist. Four out of fivechildren surveyed have friends with a differentskin colour. More than 80% think that“it is good to have players with different skincolours on the same football team”, andthere is no disparity between boys and girlsregarding this attitude (Chart 2.01).Although there are regional differences, wecan see that racism is a marginal phenomenonin schools. The survey also showed that81% of girls and 75% of boys are capable ofspotting racist incidents during a footballmatch and regard them as “unfair”. Only 9%of children regard them as “fair” (see Chart4.07 for regional differences).A tendency towards racism in young people isoften a consequence of socialising with apeer group that is influenced by organisedracist groups. In these circumstances, a lackof positive action allows such tendencies todevelop. One expert said: “We often observecontradictions between their ‘racist’ behaviourand their environment.” 6 For instance,they may have friends with different skincolours, but can be seen joining in with racistchants at the stadium. In such situations,experts recommend working with them faceto-facein order to identify dissonance betweenattitudes and behaviour and offer them nonracistalternatives with the same “fun factor”.4European Network Against Racism (2013), Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today.A Dialogue between Academics, Equality Experts and Civil Society Activists, Brussels, February.5Amnesty International (2010), The State of the World’s Human Rights.6Interview with Reinhard Koch, German project officer, “The Ball is Colourful”, 2 October 2012.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION7

Σ 1,233 pupilsGood PracticeDo you think it is good to have players withdifferent ent skin colours on the same team?83%82%■ “The Ball is Colourful”,GermanyWhen German initiatives targetinglarge groups of right-wingextremists failed, specificprogrammes were developed toaddress the issue of racistincidents. Workshops involvingsmall groups and face-to-facesupport for members of rightwingnationalist movements wereintroduced. Experience gainedfrom work tackling racism andwork with disabled people isapplied in this process, whichcomprises three stages:1. Understand the environmentthey live in. What is their statusin the group?2. Identify dissonance betweentheir behaviour and attitudes.Is there an incentive to get out?3. Create equivalents with thesame “fun factor”.www.sportstattgewalt.deDo you have friends who have skin coloursdifferent ent from yours?Chart 2.01: Young people’s attitudes towards racism… but racism remains an issueThe fight against racism is an on-going issue.16% of the young people surveyed feel discriminatedagainst because of their skin colouror religion. One in ten respondents state thatthey have been victims of racist incidents.These figures more than double when lookingat young people from a migrant background,with one in three feeling discriminated againstbecause of their skin colour or religion, andone in five having been the victim of a racistincident (Charts 2.02 and 2.03).78%80%0% 100%Although many good practices exist when itcomes to fighting racism in sport, anti-racismcommunication and education has become acontinuous task, not least owing to the widespreaddisplays of overt racism seen in professionalsport.Experts recommend continuing with antiracistcommunication at professional eventsand scaling up projects that have alreadybeen implemented successfully. There aremany good practices allowing awareness tobe raised at local and international level, butDo you feel discriminated against because of your skincolour our or religion?Σ 1,233 pupilsFirst generation59%18%7%Second generation62%21%7%Native81%10% 2%Never erSometimesOften/AlwaysDon't want to sayNo answerChart 2.02: Discrimination based on skin colour or religion; breakdown by generation8KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

Have you ever been insulted by another player because of your skincolour our or religion?Σ 202 pupilsFirst generation76%17%Good PracticeSecond generationNativeNever er67%these efforts have to be continued and evenintensified. “If we were to stop such programmes,the phenomenon would immediatelyproliferate, flushing away the successesof past initiatives.” 7The situation is quite different in easternEurope, where there is a significant lack ofproject experience, and both overt and institutionalracism in sport are part of the dailyroutine.86%22%0% 100%SometimesOften/AlwaysChart 2.03: Victims of racist incidents; breakdown by generationDon't want to sayThe presence of aggression and nationalismamong fans in stadiums is also apparent inRussia – even in other sports, such as basketballand handball. Overt racism in Russia canbe explained by the situation in Russian society,which is closely related to the increasinglynationalist and racist tendencies amongRussian “ultras”.Government support can makethe difference7%No answer■ “School of supporting –The Dragons”, ItalyA SUSU-supported schools programmein Italy called “School ofsupporting – The Dragons” aimsspecifically to improve the conductof fans at sports events.This is a new approach targetingchildren aged 11 to 15 that revolvesaround the idea that racism insport can be beaten by promotinga culture of rooting for your ownteam, rather than being againstyour opponents. Before matches,meetings are organised betweenplayers, referees, the police andpupils; and during matches,educators in the stands (one forevery 20 children) help the childrento support their team in differentand creative ways.■ “The existing projects are just adrop of water on a hot stone.” 8Alexander RakowitzEven though there are low numbers of ethnicminorities in Poland, there is a structuralform of racial discrimination which is linked tothe culture of the sports supporter. “This cultureis aggressive, xenophobic and racist andleads to discrimination against people fromdifferent ethnic backgrounds, who wouldotherwise like to take part in fan culture. Forexample, the Roma population would like toattend sports events, especially at local level,but this is still impossible in Poland. They arecompletely excluded.” 9During an economic downturn, governmentsoften cut funding for initiatives that focus onfighting racism. This is counter-productive,since racism tends to increase in times ofhardship, when jobs are scarce and the nationalmood is characterised by anxiety andanguish.■ “The negative aspect is that allthis is an end in itself: when theeconomic support ends, all thesevery important activities end.” 10Marcello GiannatiempoThe progress that has been made in certaincountries could be halted or even reversed7Interview with German project officer Reinhard Koch, 12 October 2012.8Interview with Serbian project officer Alexander Rakowitz, 6 October 2012.9Interview with Polish expert Rafał Pankowski, 6 November 2012.10Interview with Italian expert Marcello Giannatiempo, 8 November 2012.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION9

Background information■ Rooney Rule, United StatesThe Rooney Rule was introducedin 2003 after the owner of thePittsburgh Steelers, Dan Rooney,highlighted the small numberof black coaches and managersin the game, despite the largenumber of black players.It requires teams to interview aminimum number of minoritycandidates for head coachingand senior football operationpositions. By the start of the 2006season, the overall percentageof African American coaches hadjumped to 22%, up from 6% priorto the Rooney Rule.owing to cuts in government spending. InEngland, the activities of “Football Unites,Racism Divides” (FURD), a youth project andregistered charity that addresses issues ofracism and community cohesion, doing a lotof work with young black people and ethnicminorities, have been limited in recent timesowing to the economic situation in the UnitedKingdom and cuts in government spending,according to an expert in England. This hasresulted in some programmes being scaleddown and others being axed, particularlyaffecting volunteering programmes.Governments also have a huge influence onthe extent of overt racism in society. In bothItaly and Serbia, experts mentioned thatracism – or violence in sport more widely –had declined owing to tougher legislation.In Russia, too, there have been some positivedevelopments. The authorities have reducedthe overall number of racist murders inrecent months. “Racist manifestations bysupporters and ultras have recently beeneffectively deterred by authorities exercisingforce. In 2011, eight people got life sentencesfor hate-driven murders.” 11■ “Without SUSU, we [the BalkanAlpe Adria Project] would not havehad an entry point in the Balkans.” 12Alexander RakowitzExperts agree that governments must continueto focus on this issue, irrespective ofexternal (i.e. economic and political) factors.There is a need for both legislative action todiscourage overt racism and support for softerapproaches, such as those advocated byNGOs. Where there is very limited public fundingfor fighting racism, the support of privatesources such as SUSU is especially important– particularly in central and eastern Europe.Under-representation of minorities incoaching and other leadership positionsOur research suggests that there is considerableunder-representation of minoritiesin coaching and other leadership positionswithin football, at both professional andamateur levels across Europe. “Among the92 professional clubs in England, there arecurrently only three black managers. Whenyou also consider the approximately 550positions below the level of manager at theseclubs, there are currently only 20 who arefrom a black or ethnic minority background –a figure that represents 3.5% of the totalpositions available.” 13■ “Many sports have historicallyshied away from addressingthe problem, wrongly believingthat by talking about it,they will help stir up a problemthat doesn’t really exist.” 14 Piara PowarThe key reason for this under-representationis, according to experts, that clubs recruit onthe basis of “who you know”. 15 Clubs’ ownersalso seem to have fixed stereotypes aboutblack and ethnic minority candidates, whichleads to an element of uncertainty and meansthat they are not likely to be interviewed.In the absence of proactive initiatives aimed atchanging behaviour, there is a vicious circle.Clubs are not hiring black coaches andmanagers, which means that many potentialblack recruits ask why they should wastetheir time and money gaining qualificationsif they are unlikely to get a job at the end of it.Currently, only around 3% of UEFA-licensed(i.e. top-level) coaches in England are black.This figure should be closer to the 20% mark,matching the percentage of black players.11Interview with a Russian expert, 29 November 2012.12Interview with Serbian project officer Alexander Rakowitz, 6 October 2012.13Interview with English expert Dr Steven Bradbury, 6 November 2012.14Interview with English expert Piara Powar, 6 November 2012.15Ibid10KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

One possible solution is to forcibly open upthese structures 16 by introducing a rule establishingmandatory quotas for minoritygroups at various levels within the footballpyramid in England. The Rooney Rule, whichwas introduced in the United States in 2003and requires American football teams tointerview a minimum number of minoritycandidates for open positions, is one solutionthat has been proposed in order to help openup those structures for ethnic minorities.However, there is also evidence of softerapproaches being adopted with a view toaddressing this disparity. Programmes suchas FURD’s coaching modules for ethnic minoritiesand women can help children to identifywith these people as role models and dispelmyths about girls’ lack of suitability for sport.Intensifying such efforts and covering moresports and regions can help to avoid resortingto stronger measures, such as quotas.Arsenal FC has become the first club in Englandto reach the advanced level of the EqualityStandard for Professional Football (awardedby Kick It Out!). 17 This demonstrates thatthe club is adopting a holistic approach to theissues of inclusion, diversity and equality, andthat it has policies and practices in placeacross the club to illustrate this. Another goodpractice in this area is that of the Black andAsian Coaches Association (see text box).Training for coaches and teachersCoaches and teachers are some of the mainauthority figures for young people. They playa huge role in establishing direct access tosport for all. It is in their presence, and undertheir influence, that ideas are formed andpatterns of behaviour are cemented, so theirapproach to access to physical activity is critical.Consequently, it is of great importancethat teachers and coaches are acutely awareof issues surrounding racism.In Russia, as noted by a Russian expert,“Xenophobia is deeply implanted in schooleducation and reinforced institutionally andon the base of everyday attitudes of schooladministrators and teachers.” 18Good Practice■ Black and Asian CoachesAssociation (BACA),United KingdomBACA has been set up to ensurethat there are increasing numbersof black and Asian coaches,particularly by encouraging themto gain coaching qualifications.The BACA supports and mentorscoaches through this process witha view to increasing the numberof black and Asian coaches in twoto three years’ time. BACA alsoruns a high-profile awarenessraisingcampaign in order to keepthis issue in the media spotlight.www.kickitout.org/baca22%Σ 713 pupilsChart 2.04: Reasons for unequal treatment by coach; breakdown by gender16Interview with English expert Dr. Steven Bradbury, 6 November 2012.17www.arsenal.com/news/community-news/diversity-award18Interview with Russian expert, 19 November 2012.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION11

Good Practice■ Gelijk Spel (“Drawn Game”),Netherlands“Gelijk Spel” is a workshopteaching children about differentreligions and backgrounds andallows them to put questions toplayers from a nearby professionalfootball team. The workshopfocuses on the idea of playersbeing a role model for the children.Last year organisers worked withvarious players fromNEC Nijmegen, who helped tomake the programme a success.When a school joins the programme,all of its pupils areobliged to participate, so theprogramme has considerablereach.www.wijstaanvoordewijk.nl■ “Sport is children’s guardian angel.As such, it is extremely importantthat coaching standards aredeveloped and that coaches areeducated correctly.” 19Igor Jankovic‘22% of respondents to our survey say thatthey have seen a coach treating a player differently.The biggest reason given for unequaltreatment was ‘limited skills’ (31%), followedby ‘skin colour’ (29%) and ‘family background’(21%) (Chart 2.04).There is not much gender disparity in theseanswers. However, a much higher percentageof boys have witnessed a coach treating aplayer differently on the basis of his/her religion.It is unfortunate that most coaches at amateurlevel do not hold any coaching qualifications.Astudy in Germany showed that 60% ofGerman coaches at amateur level do not haveany qualifications. 20 This is especiallycritical when coaching individuals from amigrant background. “If even teachers needto get support from external experts to dealwith migrants in their schools, how can weexpect an unqualified coach to manage thesetasks?” 21■ “Today’s coaches are profoundlyoverextended with their tasks.” 22Gunter A.PilzThose coaches that do hold qualificationsrarely have specific training on diversity andinclusion issues. In the United Kingdom, forexample, it is not compulsory or common fora club to have a diversity officer. 23 Two expertsin the United Kingdom mentioned specificallythat equality or diversity training coursesshould be introduced in professional clubsand be made mandatory for club staff toattend. 2480%70% 72%Σ 1,233 pupilsFootballBasketball25%20%17%45%39%38%NativeSkiing7%7%11%Second generationTennis14%11%15%First generationJudo/Karateate11%20%7%Boxing11%11%6%Do you play sports outside school?Chart 2.05: Sports preferences of migrant populations19Interview with Igor Jankovic‘, Football Association of Serbia, 1 October 2012.20www.dosb.de/uploads/media/Dankesrede_Prof_Gunter_A_Pilz__20120907.pdf.21Interview with expert Prof. Gunter A. Pilz, 30 October 2012.22Ibid.23Interview with project officer Zanib Rasool, 8 November 2012.24Interviews with project officer Zanib Rasool, 8 November 2012, and Dr. Steven Bradbury, 6 November 201212KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

Our interviews with experts and projectofficers also highlighted some examples ofgood practices, with close interaction betweenexternal providers and teachers andcoaches proving to be crucial for long termsuccess.Combat sports as an entry pointArmed with research that identified combatsports such as tae kwon do and kickboxingas being attractive to young people fromethnic minorities, the Dutch governmentallocated funds to various programmeswith a view to encouraging more youngpeople from ethnic minorities to participateand promote Dutch values and norms.Our experts reported that discriminationagainst ethnic minorities is a problem inteam sports and shared the view thatmigrant populations have a preference forcombat sports. In Russia, according to oneRussian expert, “there is no ethnic or religiousdiscrimination in access to combatsports”. 25Our survey findings support this view, with“native” children much less inclined toparticipate in judo, karate or boxing than“first and second-generation” children.We can also see from Chart 2.05 that firstand second-generation children have astronger preference for the more popularand economically accessible team sportsfootball and basketball. In contrast, some ofthe traditionally more elitist sports, wherethe economic barrier to participation ishigher, such as tennis and skiing, are preferredby native children.Dealing with ethnically homogeneousclubsGrowing numbers of ethnically homogeneoussports clubs are forming at grassrootslevel in some European countries. Accordingto one Dutch expert, “there are morethan 100 ethnically homogeneous clubs inNetherlands today, and the governmentdoes not approve of this development”. 26Experts in Belgium and England also raisedthe issue of this voluntary ethnic separation.One English expert reported: “Suchclubs are often seen as problematic by theleagues, the regional or county FAs andother local clubs, which means that representativesfrom these clubs are even lesslikely to be elected onto any committee.” 27A German project officer pointed out thatthis phenomenon mainly occurs in urbanareas where large groups from a specificethnic background can come together andform a club to “be among their own kind”. 28On the one hand, these clubs appear to bediscriminating – albeit on a voluntary basis– by only having players from a specific ethnicgroup. However, on the other, homogenousclubs could offer individuals with anentry point towards social integration.More research needs to be conducted inthis area to examine the long-term impactof ethnically homogeneous clubs.Good Practice■ Minimaxi Football League(MFL), SerbiaMFL is a grassroots projectimplemented by the SerbianFootball Association. It stemmedfrom two major issues – overlyinterfering parents and violencein society – which were threateningto have an impact on thegame. Matches are made lesscompetitive by the absence ofscoreboards and the addition ofa third half to give weaker playersthe opportunity to perform.An ethical code of conduct hasalso been developed for all stakeholdergroups .www.mini-maxi.org25Interview with Russian expert Rustam, 29 November 2012.26Interview with Dutch expert Dr. Jacco van Sterkenburg, 30 August 2012.27Interview with English expert Dr. Steven Bradbury, 6 November 2012.28Interview with German project officer Peer Wiechmann, 19 September 2012.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION13

14KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

3. Discrimination in sportbased on genderGood PracticeA significant milestone for gender equality in sport was achieved in 1978,when UNESCO recognised sport and physical activity as a human right.However, despite the progress made since then, a large amount of workremains to be done in order to narrow the gender gap. 29 Gender discriminationcontinues to be a controversial topic in sport. In this chapter, we willexamine several types of barriers faced by girls throughout Europe, whileproviding examples of good practices to illustrate the progress made.■ DFB Mobile, GermanyThe German Football Associationuses 30 mobile stations to visitfootball clubs nationwide. Theobjective of these visits is to givepredominantly unqualified youthcoaches practical tips on promotingwomen’s football and dealingwith children from migrant backgrounds.Since the initiative beganin May 2009, more than 10,000events have been held, benefiting500,000 people.www.training-wissen.dfb.deBoys play football;girls practise gymnasticsWhen you talk about discrimination, mostpeople think of racism. The lack of genderequality is often seen not as a form of discrimination,but as a historical truth that willtake time to heal.All over Europe, our survey shows a significantgender gap when it comes to physicalactivity. 83% of boys – but only 70% of girls –say that they play sport outside of school.This gender gap increases when looking atmembership of clubs, with only 48% of girls(compared with 67% of boys) reporting thatthey participate in organised sport (Chart 3.01).According to our survey, some sports areclearly more popular with one sex than theother. Volleyball is more attractive for girls(17% versus 6%), as is gymnastics (17%versus 3%). For boys, football (58% versus13%) and basketball (25% versus 12%) are100%90%Σ 1,233 pupils80%70%13%60%50%19%40%Do you play sports outside school?Do you play organised sports?Chart 3.01: Organised versus non-organised sport; breakdown by gender29http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/home/research/articles-and-reports/equity-issues/pay-inequityDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION15

?In general, do you think boys are betterthan girls at maths?3 3 725%18%Σ 1,233 pupils9%Chart 3.02: Who is stronger at maths?favoured. Running (25% versus 23%), swimming(27% versus 21%) and cycling (20%versus 26%) are equally appealing to girlsand boys.Social conditioning and gender roles startat a very young age. Teachers and coachesoften perceive gender differences in sports asnatural and may even enforce them. Thesedifferences are broadly accepted in society,as one German expert explained:■ “Girls are regarded as ‘not feminineenough’ if they play football.” 30Stereotypes still existMichel WieviorkaThroughout history, girls and boys have beenseparated into stereotyped categories. At?Do you think that any of these sportsare not suitable for girls?SwimmingGymnastics GymnasHcs TennisVolleyball CyclingBike SkiingFootballBasketballJudo/Karate ate Boxing0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%Σ 1,233 pupilsBoysGirlsChart 3.03: Suitability of sports for girls; breakdown by gender30Interview with French expert Michel Wieviorka, 28 August 2012.16KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

school, boys were seen as being stronger atmaths, while girls preferred languages. Butdo these stereotypes still exist?The pupils in the survey were asked: “Do youthink that boys are better than girls at maths?”A total of 18% of respondents agreed. However,when the answers are broken down bygender, a major gap appears: 25% of boys andonly 9% of girls still believe in boys’ naturalsuperiority in this area (Chart 3.02).Boys are a major part of the solutionThe gender gap is even more obvious when itcomes to sport. The pupils were asked: “Doyou think that any of the sports are not suitablefor girls?” The results showed that 40% ofmale respondents believe that boxing is notsuitable for girls, compared with 26% offemale respondents. Similarly, 16% of boysthink judo and karate are not appropriate forgirls, while only 8% of girls concur.The research shows that, across all sports,boys were more likely than girls to indicatethat sports were “not suitable for girls”. Thisgender gap is significant, or even highlysignificant, for most sports. 31 These findingsshow that, even at such a young age, twice asmany boys than girls think that certain sportsare not suitable for girls (Chart 3.03).This gender gap is especially critical duringtransitional periods such as puberty. If theopposite sex does not value the physicalactivities in question, there is a high probabilityof those activities being dropped. This issupported by research indicating a sharpdrop in physical activity between the agesof 9 and 15, with stronger declines for girlsthan boys. 32Our research focused on girls’ access tosport, as this was identified as a major barrier.However, to get the full picture of genderdiscrimination, it is necessary to study thebarriers for boys as well. Do girls have theGood Practice■ Football Associationof NorwayThe Football Association ofNorway has led the way as regardssports organisations by electinga woman to its executive board.Quotas in Norway allowed KarenEspelund to be elected to itsboard, and she has since goneon to be the first woman to sit onthe UEFA Executive Committee.www.spiegel.de? ?Do you have asporting hero?Do you want tobecome aprofessionalathlete?52%72%Σ 1,233 pupils34%59%Σ 713 pupilsChart 3.04: The influence of role models; breakdown by gender31For sailing, skiing, boxing, judo and karate, the difference is significant (5% confidence level); for basketball,swimming, volleyball, gymnastics and football, it is highly significant (1% confidence level).32Nike, Designed to Move: A Physical Activity Action Agenda, 2012, Page 6.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION17

Good Practice■ FURD, United KingdomIn the United Kingdom, FURDsupports the development offemale coaches by providingfunding to women who areinterested in obtaining coachingcertificates. The recruitment ofmore female coaches supportsthe continued progress anddevelopment of women’s sport.Similarly, it is important to createan environment that supportswomen’s desire to become involvedin coaching and recognisestheir achievements.www.furd.orgsame stereotypes when it comes to boys’involvement in traditionally female sports? Isthere also a gender gap as regards the suitabilityof boys for gymnastics, dance, volleyball,etc.? Further research is necessary todiscover the male side of gender discriminationin sport.Shortage of female coachesWomen are under-represented in coachingpositions. Girls often relate better to womenas mentors and role models, and femalecoaches also have the potential to weakenexisting stereotypes among boys (see thesection entitled “Boys are a major part of thesolution”).The limited number of female coaches forteam sports is a major barrier preventingyoung girls from participating in sport. In Italy,for instance, it was observed that while afemale football coach was present at a particularclub, the number of girls joining the clubsteadily increased. In contrast, a decline infemale participation was seen in subsequentyears, owing to a lack of female coaches.In Turkey, women athletes are completelyunder-represented in sport, and football inparticular. “In professional sports, only 2% ofathletes are women, but if we exclude football,that figure increases to 27%. The majorissue is physical and psychological violencefrom the trainer and coach. This needs to beaddressed by ensuring that more women trainersare in place to encourage families toallow their children to play sports.” 33Influential role modelsRole models can play a major part in promotingaccess to sport and development within it.“Sport helps to empower girls and womenbecause it changes attitudes. It helps femalecompetitors to realise their own potential andmakes others see them in a new light.■ “When a female athlete triumphs,she often becomes a role modelfor her family, her community oreven her country.” 34Anita DeFrantzΣ 1,233 pupilsN89%1G83%N71%2G81%?Do you play sportoutside of school?1G2G69%65%Chart 3.05: Double discrimination against girls from a migrant background33Interview with Turkish expert Canan Koca Arıtan, December 201234Anita DeFrantz, Chairwoman of the IOC’s Women and Sport Commission.18KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%NoNo teamsCoachesfacilitiesnot nice(changingrooms,pitch,etc.)Parentsdon'tallow itWhy don’t you play sport outside of school?Σ 252 pupilsFriendsDon't feelNot goodDon't likedon't playgoodenoughsportsChart 3.06: Reasons for not playing sport outside school; breakdown by genderRespondents were asked if they have asporting hero. The results show that 72% ofboys have a sporting hero, compared with52% of girls. Those percentages are correlatedwith the likelihood of boys and girls wantingto become professional athletes: 59% ofboys want to become a professional athlete,compared with 34% of girls. The differencebetween the genders in both questions ishighly significant (Chart 3.04). 35The responses were just as revealing whenrespondents were asked to name theirsporting hero. Two football players – LionelMessi (16%) and Cristiano Ronaldo (11%) –dominated the list, and the top six sportingheroes, who accounted for 37% of all answers,were all male. The results also showed thatgirls were more likely than boys to name aperson close to them, such as their coach or arelative. 36Double discriminationway behind the starting line. Our researchshows that coming from a migrant backgroundis also a limiting factor and is oftencorrelated with lower economic status.Therefore, girls from a migrant backgroundare discriminated against twice over: theyhave a lower rate of participation in sportsthan boys (18 percentage points lower), whichfalls further (another 6 percentage points) ifthey come from a migrant background (Chart3.05).The lack of changing rooms as a barrierExperts saw sports facilities without separateshowers and changing areas as a major barrierto access sport. Girls do not feel comfortablebeing in the same area as boys in thesesit-uations once they have begun puberty. Nothaving separate changing rooms is consiereda barrier to access for many sports, butespecially football and basketball, as highlightedby Italian project officers.Good Practice■ Public swimming pools,NetherlandsPublic swimming pools haveintroduced time slots whenthe swimming pool is open onlyto female swimmers, allowinggirls to swim in bathing suitsand suitable clothing in a nonthreateningenvironment.Many factors can contribute to children notparticipating in, or dropping, sports and physicalactivity. Low-income families, womenand girls, and overweight people begin someHowever, the survey results as regards theimportance of appropriate facilities (changingrooms, pitches, etc.) as a reason for girls’inactivity outside of school were surprising.Only 12% of girls listed a lack of facilities as35The difference between the percentage of boys and girls that have a sporting hero is highly significant(1% confidence level), as is the difference between the percentage of boys and girls wanting to becomeprofessional athletes.36When asked to name her sporting hero, one clever girl responded: “Why do you want to know?You don’t know him. He’s my coach!”DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION19

the main reason why they do not participate insports outside of school, whereas 19% of boyspointed to this as a barrier (Chart 3.06).Why girls playOur survey results also challenged the stereotypicalview that girls are the less technicaland more social of the sexes. When askedabout their reasons for joining a sports club,the development of skills was even moreimportant for girls than for boys (58% comparedwith 54%), In contrast, soft factorssuch as team spirit were significantly moreimportant for boys when deciding to join aclub (43% compared with 29%) (Chart 3.07).70%60%Why did you join a sports club?Σ 713 pupils50%40%30%20%GirlsBoys10%0%There e is a good team spirit inthe clubI want to improve my skillsChart 3.07: Reason for joining a sports club20KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

4. Regional differences interms of discriminationin sportDiscrimination in sport is a general matter of concern across Europe.Nevertheless, the study showed some major differences between eastern,western and southern European countries. Generally, in western andsouthern countries, the problem is widely recognised and the tools to dealwith it are – with the exception of action to tackle homophobia – already onthe table. In eastern countries, the SUSU campaign has made a significantcontribution in terms of bringing the issue into the mainstream. However,countries in this region have only just begun to tackle discrimination in sport.Good Practice■ “Vienna Meets Balkan”,ViennaThis is an annual internationalyouth tournament in Vienna.Local migrant communities,ethnic minorities, local footballteams and international guestsfrom the western Balkans cometogether once a year to play football,have fun, cement interculturalrelations and take a standagainst racism, nationalism andintolerance. The tournament isorganised in cooperation with thefootball associations of Serbia,Montenegro and Bosnia andHerzegovina, and with the supportof UEFA, VIDC, the King BaudouinFoundation and the city of Vienna.www.footballforequality.orgAcceptance levels for different kindsof discriminationThere are different forms of discrimination,and some are more tolerated in society thanothers. In western Europe, for instance, racismis broadly viewed as a real “injustice”,whereas homophobia is still regarded asless serious. The decision by the Sports Courtof the German Football Association (DFB) toreduce the punishment that one player wasgiven after he appealed on the basis that hisabuse of another player was not racist, “just”homophobic, demonstrates that there aredifferent acceptance levels for different formsof discrimination. 37 In eastern Europe, expertsdistinguish strictly between discriminationbased on race and discrimination based onnational identity.When comparing western and eastern Europeancountries, we have seen major differencesbetween the two in terms of the progressmade with tackling racism and other forms ofdiscrimination.■ “We don’t have racism in Serbia;we just have nationalism.” 38Serbian project officerIn Russia, Poland and Serbia, racism is stilla major issue in football and some othersports. Incidents such as fans of FC ZenitSt Petersburg asking the club not to buyany black players 39 and FIFA punishing theBulgarian and Hungarian football associationsfor racist abuse by their fans at internationalmatches 40 are just some of theexamples that stand out.In eastern Europe, the fight against racism insport has only just begun. Meanwhile, otherforms of discrimination based on nationality,disability and gender are still broadly tolerated.Homophobia remains a legal form ofdiscrimination in Russia. Manifestations of37www.welt.de/sport/article1128786/Schwul-Schwarz-Schwabbel.html.38Interview with Serbian project officer, 15 October 2012.39www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20770678.40www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=1982124/index.html.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION21

Broadl oadly accept epted edNo toleranceDifferent formsof discriminationChart 4.01: Social acceptance of different forms of discrimination in sport from eastern to western Europehomosexuality have consequently been prohibitedin the past and there is no hope of thatchanging in the near future. Indeed, followingthe examples of the cities of St Petersburgand Novosibirsk, the Russian parliament hasjust passed new legislation banning thepromotion of homosexuality, with seriouspenalties for its infringement (Chart 4.01). 41Regional differences in the level of activityThe percentage of children playing sportoutside school is lower in eastern Europeancountries (73%) than in other regions. Andthe percentage of children participating inorganised sport in this region is below 50%.Four out of five children interviewed in westernand southern Europe play sport outsideschool; three out of five have joined a club orteam (Chart 4.02).The survey showed that young Europeanshave quite similar sport preferences. The mostpopular sports among urban children in southernand western Europe were football(49% and 40%), swimming (33% and 23%),100%90%80%70%WS60%50%40%Do you play sports outsideschool?EDo you play organised sports?Chart 4.02: Organised and non-organised sport; regional differences41www.nytimes.com/2012/03/01/world/asia/anti-gay-law-stirs-fears-in-russia.html?_r=0.22KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

Why don’t you play sports outside school?Σ 252 pupilsChart 4.03: Reasons for not being active outside school; regional differencesrunning (31% and 24%) and cycling (31% and21%). In contrast, the most popular sports ineastern countries are football (31%), cycling(24%), basketball (21%) and volleyball (16%).Perceived skill level is a barrierThe survey indicated that 4% of the childrenwere not active outside of school becausetheir parents would not support them. Surveyresults show that this happens more often inthe east than in the west. However, by far themost prominent reason why children are notphysically active outside of school is theirperceived skill level. Over 40% of southernEuropean children provided this response,compared with 24% and 28% in the east andwest respectively.20% of children in southern Europe, 16% ofthose in eastern Europe and 11% of those inwestern Europe mentioned a lack of facilitiesas the reason why they do not play sport outsideschool. Experts from western Europeancountries rarely referred to a lack of facilitiesas a major barrier. The opposite was true inour interviews with experts in southern andeastern countries (Chart 4.03).W85%15%Discriminationary factorsSE50%70%50%30%Economic factorsChart 4.04: Discriminatory versus economic barriers to sportDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION23

Limiting economic factorsThere is strong evidence that discriminationbased on race, religion, ethnicity and nationalityis a bigger issue in eastern Europe than inthe west. However, when asking about thebarriers preventing access to sport, economicfactors were highlighted much moreoften in discussions with our experts in theeast, as compared to those in the west. Chart4.04 illustrates how frequently ‘economicfactors as a barrier to accessing sport’ werementioned in interviews with the experts andproject officers from the three regions.■ “The economic situation is themajor barrier in Serbia. Clubshave limited funds and parentshave to pay EUR 100-300 perseason for facilities.” 42Igor JankovicLimited financial resources and high membershipfees remain a major barrier for lowincomefamilies. As having a migrant backgroundand coming from a low-income familyare highly correlated, there is an even greaterneed to make sports activities affordable for?Do you have friends with a skin colourdifferent from yours?86%63%82%Σ 1,233 pupilsChart 4.05: Friends from other cultures?Do you think it is good to have players withdifferent skin colours playing in the samefootball team?85%72%88%Σ 1,233 pupilsChart 4.06: Tolerance of other ethnic groups in the same team42Interview with Serbian project officer Igor Jankovic, 1 October 2012.24KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

Scene 1 - Discrimination based on skin colourourSouthWestEast7% 5%8% 11%12% 17%85%77%71%Scene 2 - Discrimination based on genderSouth10%8%79%West11%14%70%East16%24%59%Scene 3 - Discrimination based on skill levelSouth9%13%76%West19%29%49%East17%43%39%FairDon't knowUnfairNo answerChart 4.07: Spotting different forms of discriminationpeople in these social groups that wish toparticipate.“One of the main barriers [to accessing sport]is economical limitations: migrant and oneparentfamilies cannot afford for their childrento attend sports clubs. Access criteria,especially those based on property, must beexpanded.” 43have players with different skin colours in thesame football team”; 19% do not know; and7% disagree. Although the large majority ofthe survey sample seem to be toleranttowards other ethnic groups, this does notrepresent the general population in easternEurope. Recurring incidents show that racismthere feeds on ingrained institutional support(Chart 4.06).Positive experiences weaken stereotypesThere are major regional differences whenit comes to contact with, and tolerancetowards, other ethnic groups. In easternEurope, children have less contact with otherethnic groups: 63% have friends from differentethnic groups, compared with 86% inwestern Europe and 82% in southern Europe(Chart 4.05).■ “In Russia, xenophobia is deeplyimplanted in school educationand is reinforced institutionallythrough the everyday attitudes ofschool administrators andteachers.” 44What is “fair” and what is “unfair”?Russian expertThe same is true regarding tolerance towardsother ethnic groups. Only 72% of the easternEuropean children think that “it is good toThe children surveyed were shown video clipsenacting three different forms of discrimination.One clip depicted two black players being43Interview with Russian project officer Natalia Yudina, 19 November 2012.44Interview with Russian expert, 19 November 2012.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION25

?Do you think boys and girls should play footballtogether?22.5%9.6% 12.2%28.8%20.4%4.6%Σ 1,233 pupilsChart 4.08: Acceptance of mixed teams; breakdown by gender and regionexcluded from the team, a second showedgirls being prevented from playing footballwith boys, and a third showed players withlimited skills being left out of the game.The results underscore a clear distinctionbetween the different forms of discrimination.The racist incident was the one most frequentlyspotted and termed “unfair”, followedby the clip showing discrimination againstgirls. However, discrimination against lessskilful players was less often seen as “unfair”.The results also showed that eastern Europelags behind when it comes to fighting thevarious forms of discrimination: 71% thoughtthe racist incident was “unfair”, comparedwith 59% for the discrimination against girlsand 39% for the discrimination against lessskilful players (Chart 4.07).Mixed feelings about mixed sportsThe chapter on gender discrimination hasshown that girls have more difficulty accessingsport than boys. This is the same acrossEurope. Nevertheless, there are notableregional differences as regards the extent ofthese barriers.The survey results indicate that in easternEurope preventing girls from playing sportwith boys is broadly tolerated. Only 63% of thechildren from eastern Europe think that thetwo sexes can play football together. 29% ofthe boys from that region disagree, as do 20%of the girls. The percentage of children opento mixed football is significantly higher inwestern and southern Europe, although thereis more disagreement between boys andgirls regarding this question in those areas(Chart 4.08).26KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

5. RecommendationsThe study provided many new insights, pointing to areas where actioncould be considered. These recommendations outline the manner inwhich the first few steps could be taken. The first two are general recommendationsfor all stakeholders, and the rest relate mainly to particularstakeholder groups. Each recommendation aims ultimately to help removediscriminatory barriers and promote the fundamental human right ofuniversal access to physical education and sport. 451Focus on diversityand inclusion2Raise the barGood Practice■ Beratungsnetzwerk Sportund Politik (BSP), GermanyThe BSP is an advisory networkinvolving stakeholders suchas NGOs, the German FootballAssociation, the German OlympicCommittee and the nationalgovernment. It advises clubs onhow to deal with discrimination.www.vereint-gegen-rechtsextremismus.deThe study showed that levels of acceptancevary depending on the form of discrimination.We suggest using and promoting the positiveterms “diversity” and “inclusion”, instead offocusing on racism and other negatively connotedforms of discrimination.This change of perspective has various advantages:• for corporate entities, it is easier to showcommitment to a positive term;• “diversity” and “inclusion” encapsulate allforms of discrimination, without prioritisingone over another;• people are not forced to enter into dialogueabout forms of discrimination that are stillwidely accepted and may even remain legalin their region.Regional differences regarding the acceptancelevel of various forms of discriminationneed to be considered to form a coherentstrategy.In eastern European countries, discriminationbased on race, ethnicity, religion or nationalityis still a major issue. Greater efforts areneeded to integrate ethnic minorities intomainstream sports structures. As economicfactors represent the main barrier, incentivesare needed to make sport affordable forlower-income groups, where the migrantpopulation is over-represented.Western Europe has begun to address theissue of homophobia – the last taboo in sport.Contributing to existing efforts and establishinggood practices can help to lift the discriminatorybar and place added pressure oneastern and southern countries, encouragingthem to enter the debate.45UNESCO’s International Charter of Physical Education and Sport, 1978.DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION27

Sports organisersGood Practice■ Minimaxi Football League,SerbiaAs a way of trying to overcomediscrimination in team sports,the Football Association of Serbiahas come up with a unique initiative.The MFL is a grassrootsfootball league for children whichrequires all stakeholders (players,coaches, managers and parents)to follow a code of conduct. Forinstance, if parents don’t obeythe code of conduct, the refereecan stop the game and send theperpetrator away from the pitch.If the person does not complywith that request, the game ends.www.mini-maxi.orgSports clubs are often young children’s first point of contact with sport.Many children participate in organised sports activities long before they enrolat school. Research has shown that positive experiences early in life increasethe probability of lifelong physical activity. 461Develop a coachingcurriculum focusing ondiversity and inclusionCoaches must get the necessary training toensure that they do not discriminate. Trainingshould be provided by organisations that haveexperience of identifying various cultural sensitivitiesand are able to teach coaches to providean informative and unprejudiced environmentfor children to learn and develop in.This study has shown that sports clubs areless attractive for:• people from a migrant background;• girls;• people with limited skills.Sports associations and clubs generally focuson the selection and nurturing of talent withno regard for social circumstances. To makeclubs more attractive for ethnic minorities,girls and less skilful children, the developmentof a curriculum with a strong focus ondiversity and inclusion is key.Researchers, NGOs and corporate entitiescan work together to develop coaching modulesthat prescribe activities relevant for diversityand inclusion. The aim is to ensure that achild’s first experience of sport is a positiveone, irrespective of the child’s ethnicity, skincolour, religion, gender or skill level.Leading federations and associations need tosupport the integration of such a curriculuminto existing coaching modules. The mobilecoaching stations set up by the German FootballAssociation – which focus on girls andchildren from migrant backgrounds – are agood example in this regard. However, thecontent must be adaptable in order to respectcultural sensitivities and allow a focus onvarious different minorities. In order to obtainbroad support, modules have to be developedas part of an interactive process involvingkey stakeholders (such as sports’ governingbodies, government ministries, sports clubs,coaches and NGOs).2Establish an inclusive 47code of conduct for allrelevant stakeholdersAll relevant stakeholders in organised youthsport should be included in the process ofpromoting diversity and inclusion. The involvementof children, coaches, referees, parents,managers, etc. can help to identify criticalissues and create a general consensuson the action needed. A code of conductsigned by all groups can help to prevent abuseby establishing clear procedures governingviolations.The process involves the following steps:• identify stakeholders and critical issues;• agree a code of conduct;• sign and publish the code of conduct.Professional football clubs must work with awider range of stakeholders (including nationalassociations, fan clubs, security services,NGOs and local government) to stamp outacts of overt racism and safeguard the progressthat has been made in terms of tacklingthis issue at institutional level.46Nike, Designed to Move: A Physical Activity Action Agenda, 2012.47Here, ‘inclusive’ is used as a synonym to both ‘anti-discrimination’ and ‘diversity and inclusion’.28KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

3 Promote women and 4 Create equivalents withminorities in coaching anda considerable “fun factor”other leadership positionsfor “at risk” young peopleThe under-representation of women and ethnicminorities in coaching and managementpositions in sport is an issue across Europe.Their involvement at these levels plays a keyrole in garnering respect and helping organisationsto develop inclusive strategies.This will also help to change assumptions,which cement barriers to participation. Enablingthese groups to demonstrate their abilityto perform in sports that are traditionallydominated by white men will benefit sportstructures in countries across Europe.Programmes such as FURD’s coaching modulesfor ethnic minorities and women can helpchildren to identify with such people as rolemodels, dispelling myths such as the notionthat girls are not suited to sport. Intensifyingsuch efforts and covering more sports andregions can help to avoid resorting to strongermeasures, such as quotas.This study has shown that the large majorityof young people today are not racist. A tendencytowards racism in young people isoften a consequence of socialising with a peergroup that is influenced by organised racistgroups. A lack of positive action allows suchtendencies to develop.In such situations, experts advise workingwith perpetrators in face-to-face meetings inorder to identify dissonance between attitudesand behaviour and offer them non-racistalternatives with the same “fun factor”.“The Ball is Colourful” is a successful programmethat started in Germany with the aimof showing how the fight against right-wingextremism can be supported by workshopsand face-to-face meetings. Government supportis critical if such programmes and initiativesare to be a success.Good Practice■ Web portal for ultras,RussiaThe Russian web portal “Offside”attempts to disprove commonpreconceptions about Russianultras. It is visited not only by leftleaningfans, but also by nationalists,whose opinions on the portaloften dispel the myth of considerablepolitical polarisation andantagonism between Europeanultras. The portal shows a morecomplex situation and highlightsthe latest developments in termsof the various ways of supportinga club. In particular, it providesevidence of a growing apoliticalconsensus against racism.www.offside-mag.comDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION29

SchoolsGood Practice■ Educational workshops,PolandA series of free workshops wereheld by the Never Again Associationfor teachers and educators inPoland. The aim was to increaseawareness and knowledge ofhow to counteract racism, xenophobiaand intolerance, with aparticular emphasis on racism insport through the campaign“Let‘s kick racism out of stadiums”.Workshops focussed on teachingskills that could be called uponin the classroom - during socialstudies, history, languages andPolish culture classes - and alsoduring physical education classes.www.men.gov.plInvolving schools is integral to promoting access to sport. It is at school thatchildren’s ideas are formed, patterns of behaviour are established and accessto physical activity is most important. Sensitisation programmes should be fun,as children are most receptive to learning new things when they are playing.1 Support diversity 2 Set up diversityand inclusion workshopsand inclusion forumsin schoolsonline in schoolsSocial exclusion is a major source of frustrationand often leads to an inactive lifestyle.Introducing a diversity and inclusion curriculumcan sensitise children to social exclusionat an early stage in life and help them to adoptan active stance on the issue. Diversity andinclusion messages should be age-appropriate,fun, supported by a suitably trained teacheror expert and monitored properly for themto be implemented successfully in schools.Digital innovation can be used to increase the“fun factor”. The creation of an online discussionforum can encourage debate on topicalissues and help to garner direct feedbackfrom the children. It can even be integratedinto the diversity and inclusion workshops asa legacy component. As a positive side effect,this will also introduce children to the responsibleuse of social media.NGO‘sMany good practices have been devised by NGOs focusing on various aspectsof discrimination in sport. These organisations focus on specific social issues,such as tackling racism, encouraging female participation in sport and promotingsport for disabled people. This study has shown, however, that there isstill a lack of good practices in eastern Europe. Discrimination in sport hasstill not been tackled in a strategic manner in most countries, and organisationsaddressing these issues are scarce and often forced to work underground.1Involve NGOs as promotersof diversity and inclusionSuitable NGOs can play an important role inpromoting diversity and inclusion. Educationalcourses can be organised in cooperationwith schools and clubs to make children sensitiveto issues surrounding discriminationand develop strategies with a view to avoidingproblematic conduct in the future. Events canbe held in conjunction with local authorities tocelebrate diversity and inclusion.Given the wide range of acceptance levels forthe various different forms of discrimination,a regional approach would be better suited totackling critical issues. The seven selectioncriteria elaborated in “Designed to Move” actas a good filter for projects. 48 The sharing ofresponsibilities among key stakeholders is aprerequisite for a sustainable impact.48Nike, Designed to Move: A Physical Activity Action Agenda, 2012.30KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

ResearchersThis study has contributed to a better understanding of the discriminatorybarriers that prevent access to sport. It looked at discrimination based on race,religion, ethnicity, nationality and gender in 11 European countries and revealeddifferences between geographical regions, between different types of sport,and between organised and non-organised sport.1Close remainingresearch gapsThe study was necessarily structured aroundobvious research gaps. Some of these wereknown at the start and informed the initialfocus of the study, while others only becameapparent during the research process. Moreresearch is necessary in order to close thesegaps and provide information on breakingdown discriminatory barriers in sport. Fourmajor research gaps are outlined here, alongwith some hypothetical research titles:• The study focused on racism and genderbaseddiscrimination. Other forms of discriminationwere more peripheral. Expertsoften highlighted economic factors as amajor barrier, especially in eastern Europe.Discrimination against disabled peoplealso seems to be a key issue in easternEurope. Is disability still a major barrierpreventing access to sport, and what goodpractices exist in order to deal with it?How influential are economic barriers asregards access to sport?• In the last couple of years, sports’ governingbodies and clubs have started to tacklethe problem of homophobia and adopt aclear stance on this issue. Nevertheless,there is still a lack of knowledge on how todeal with homophobia and implement thenecessary policies. What should be doneto protect and support players who decideto come out?• Increasing numbers of ethnically homogeneousclubs are being established, mainlyin urban areas. On the one hand, they act asan entry point, allowing access to sport, buton the other hand, they would seem to runcounter to integration policies. They can beseen as a symbol of separation and are notwelcomed by all governments. How shouldthe issue of ethnically homogeneous clubsbe approached in order to optimise theirpotential as regards societal integration?• We found a gender gap in the opinionsof boys and girls as regards the suitabilityof various sports for girls. Does a cleargender gap also exist for female-dominatedsports? Do the same stereotypes existamong girls, and are there any goodpractices that we can learn from in orderto deal with this issue?DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION31

Public sectorDiscrimination increases during difficult economic times and is aggravatedby budget cuts for inclusive initiatives. Government support is therefore crucialfor a successful fight against all forms of discrimination.1 Support initiatives and 2 Make inclusive policyenforce regulationsa standard for supportAn inclusive initiative is successful if governmentsprovide long-term support in order toraise awareness of diversity and inclusion.Inclusive content needs to be integrated intothe school curriculum through workshopsand other innovative forms. Inclusive initiativesare successful if violation of regulationsare punished.Developing a curriculum and code of conductfor all stakeholders are major steps towardsproviding non-discriminatory access to sport.Governments and municipalities can makea significant contribution by insisting thatsuch policies are a pre-requisite to receivingsupport.Private sectorThe SUSU campaign shows that corporate entities can make a significantcontribution to raising awareness and contributing to a successful fight againstall forms of discrimination. They can apply their expertise to support initiativesthat go hand-in-hand with business objectives. Broader access to sport isthe core business of many corporates benefitting from an active and healthypopulation.1 Promote diversity 2 Support inclusiveand inclusionpolicies in organised sportsBy taking a clear stance towards diversityand inclusion, corporate entities can enhancebrand value, actively contribute to overcomingstereotypes, and provide broad access tosport, irrespective of race, religion, ethnicity,nationality or gender. Strong statements suchas “If you have a body you are an athlete”,made by Bill Bowerman, co-founder of Nike,are illustrative of how corporate entities cancontribute to overcoming stereotypes.The corporate world can make a significantcontribution by promoting minimum standardson diversity and inclusion to all stakeholdersand by supporting the development ofcurricula for gender equality and the involvementof minorities in clubs at all levels, fromparticipation to coaching and managementpositions.32KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONSProvide expertise and conduct projects and workshops in thefield of diversity and inclusionPUBLIC SECTORMake inclusive policy a pre-requisite for support of initiatives, and enforce regulationsSCHOOLS SPORT ORGANISATIONSSet up onlinediversity andinclusion forumDevelop diversityand inclusioncoachingcurriculumCreate equivalentswith significant "funfactor" for “racist”young peopleProvide diversityand inclusionworkshopsEstablish inclusivecode of conductfor stakeholdersPromote womenin coaching andother leadershippositionsPRIVATE SECTORPromote diversity and inclusion and support inclusive policies in organised sportsSCIENCEClose remaining research gapse.g. discrimination of disabled people, tacklinghomophobia, dealing with homogeneous clubsChart 5.01: Overview of recommendations for stakeholder groupsDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION33

AppendixList of experts and project officers interviewedName Organisation CountryOlga Miriasova Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences RUSRustam Ultras Enlightenment Web-Portal RUSIlya Budraitskis Russian Socialist Movement RUSEkaterina Demintseva Institute of Africa, Academy of Sciences RUSNatalia Yudina SOVA RUSMichał Bilewicz Institute of Sociology, University of Warsaw POLIreneusz Krzemin‘ski Institute of Sociology, University of Warsaw POLRafał Pankowski Never Again Association/FARE Network POLJacek Purski Never Again Association/FARE Network POLJoanna Naranowicz Never Again Association POLLeszek Naranowicz Never Again Association POLMałgorzata Sawoch Never Again Association POLWiktor Marszałek Never Again Association/FARE Network POLFulya KanurAssociation for Supporting Contemporary Life,Bandirma City BranchTURTanıl Bora Ankara University, Faculty of Political Sciences TURCanan Koca Arıtan Hacettepe University TURSezgin Vatansever TGEV-Educational Volunteers Foundation TURDaniele Di Nunzio Istituto di Ricerche Economiche e Sociali, Rome ITACecilia Zuppini Comunica, società cooperativa sociale ITALucia Martina Vita Consulting ITAMarcello Giannatiempo Scuola Calcio Primavera ITAMichele Marchetti Centro Sportivo Italiano ITACasto Antonio Valero Tias school, Lanzarote SPAJesus Angel Gabaldón Arcipreste de Canales school, Castilla la Mancha SPAPrince Ababacar Torre Espana SPAWilson Gómez Meneses Centre for Psychosocial Education SPADISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION35

Name Organisation CountryProf. Gunter Pilz Tolerance and Recognition against Racism GERReinhard Koch Zentrum Demokratische Bildung GERPeer Wiechmann Cultures Interactive eV GERNicole Selmer Frauen und Fußball GERDr Jacco van Sterkenburg Utrecht University NEDDanielle Lanzaat Wijk en Welzijn, Stichting De Schoor NEDJoep Goessens Gelijk Spel NEDMarc Theeboom Vrije Universiteit Brussel BELMarc Cloes University of Liege – Department of Sport Sciences BELZanib Rasool Rotherham United Community Sports Trust UKSimon Hyacinth Football Unites Racism Divides (FURD) UKPiara Power FARE Network UKDr Steven Bradbury Loughborough University UKDr Michel Wieviorka Fondation Maison des Sciences de l‘Homme FRAAna Kosovac Serbian Ministry of Youth and Sports SRBAlexander Rakowitz Balkan Alpe Adria Project (BAAP) SRBIgor Jankovic‘ Football Association of Serbia SRBKurt Wachter FairPlay-vidc AUT36KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

List of participating schools■ BELGIUMHoofdstedelijk Atheneum Karels Buls - BrusselsTechnisch Atheneum Victor Horta - EvereK.A. Emanuel Hiel - SchaarbeekSint-Niklaasinstituut - AnderlechtAthenée Royal Uccle 2 - UccleInstitut Ste Ursule - Fôret■ FRANCEJunior High School of Sacré Coeur - Versailles112 Boulevard Berthier School - Paris14 Street Titon School - Paris29 Street Joseph de Maistre School - Paris■ GERMANYKurt Schumacher Grundschule - BerlinGrundschule am Planetarium - BerlinSpartacus Grundschule - BerlinPaul und Charlotte Kniese Schule - BerlinKäthe Kollwitz Oberschule - BerlinFritz Kühn Schule - Berlin■ ITALYIstituto Comprensivo - Rome“Parco della Vittoria” - RomeScuola Secondaria di primo grado - Rome“Gioacchino Belli” - Rome■ NETHERLANDSSimon Carmiggelt School - DelftDe Triangel - DelftOBS Ru Pare - AmsterdamMargrietschool - HalfwegBasisschool De Horizon - DelftMozaïekschool - Delft■ RUSSIAGymnasium Number 21 - MoscowGymnasium Number 24 - MoscowGymnasium Number 148 - MoscowGymnasium Number 179 - MoscowGymnasium Number 690 - MoscowGymnasium Number 711 - MoscowIntellectual - Moscow■ SERBIADositej Obradovic - BelgradeUjedinjene nacije - BelgradeIvo Andric - BelgradeDrinka Pavlovic - BelgradeLjuba Nenadovic - BelgradeMilan Dj. Milicevic - Belgrade■ SPAINColegio El Valle - MadridColegio Salesianos de Atocha - MadridC.F.P. Salesianos Pan Bendito - MadridCEIP Miguel Hernández - Madrid■ UNITED KINGDOMBerger School - LondonCapital City Academy - LondonSkinners Academy - LondonKingston Grammar School - LondonThe Urswick School - LondonEmmanuel School - London■ TURKEYAhmet Simsek College - Istanbul■ POLANDIntegrative Gymnasium Number 82 - WarsawPrimary school Number 139 - WarsawPrimary School Number 65 - WarsawSocial Gymnasium - WarsawSports Gymnasium Number 17 - WarsawGymnasium Number 4 - WarsawDISCRIMINATION IN SPORTKING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION37

King Baudouin FoundationWorking together for a better societyThe King Baudouin Foundation is an independent, pluralistic foundation working in Belgiumand at the European and international level. We seek to change society for the better, so weinvest in inspiring projects and individuals.In 2012 we provided a total of 22 million euro in support to 1,700 organisations and individuals.A total of 1,730 people generously made their expertise available on independent juries, expertgroups and advisory committees. The Foundation also organises debates on important socialissues, shares research results through (free) publications, enters into partnerships andencourages philanthropy, working ‘through’ rather than ‘for’ the King Baudouin Foundation.The Foundation was set up in 1976, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of King Baudouin’sreign.You can find further information about our projects, events and publications on www.kbs-frb.be.An electronic e-mail is also available if you would like to keep up to date with our activities.Please address any questions you may have to us at info@kbs-frb.be or call us on+32 (0)70-233 728.King Baudouin Foundation, Rue Brederodestraat 21, B-1000 Brussels+ 32 (0)2-511 18 40, fax + 32 (0)2-511 52 21For donors resident in Belgium, any gift of €40 or more transferred to our bank accountIBAN: BE10 0000 0000 0404 – BIC: BPOTBEB1 will qualify for tax deduction.38KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATIONDISCRIMINATION IN SPORT

■ “Discrimination, exclusion, manifestations ofpervasive xenophobia and racism are still all toooften present in the world of sports both inwestern and, especially, in eastern Europe. Thesports setting reflects and reinforces the widersocial issues. The world of sports also has animportant social responsibility: to rid itself ofdiscrimination as well as to contribute to thestruggle against discrimination in broader society,especially among the young.“The broad-ranging study conducted by SchweryConsulting shows that the challenges are veryacute, but it also highlights signs of hope – youngpeople are often receptive to the message andvalues of anti-discrimination and there is a pool ofsuccessful educational initiatives contributing to anon-discriminatory, racism-free culture,challenging xenophobia and various forms ofexclusion across the continent.”Dr Rafal Pankowski,Associate Professor Collegium Civitas (Warsaw),‘NEVER AGAIN’ Association