pharmacognostical studies on root tubers of chlorophytum ...

Available online on www.ijppr.comInternational Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2010; 2(4):13-17Research ArticleISSN: 0975 4873Pharmacognostical Studies On Root Tubers Of ChlorophytumBorivilianum Santapau & FernandesPanda S.K. 1* , Das D. 2 , and Tripathy N.K. 31 The Pharmaceutical College, Samaleswari Vihar, Tingipali, Barpali-7680292 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SOA University , Bhubaneswar –7510303 Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur – 760 007ABSTRACTThe root tubers of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant & Fern (Safed Musli) (Liliaceae) are reported to have a greatermedicinal value. Pharmacognostic evaluation including examination of morphological and microscopical characters,determination of ash values, swelling & foaming index, extractive values, moisture content and fluorescencecharacteristics of powder drug with different chemical reagents was carried out.Keywords: Safed musli, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Traditional System of medicine, Aphrodisiac,Pharmacognostical.INTRODUCTIONChlorophytum Ker-Gawl (Liliaceae) is a genus of shortrhizomatous herbs, distributed in the tropical and subtropicalregions of the world. About 17 species occurs inIndia, of which some are grown for ornament purposeonly 1 . Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fern. roottubers are known as ‘Safed musli’ and used forrheumatic and nervous complaints and also useful indiabetes 2 . The root is used as a tonic 3 . In the traditionalsystem of medicine, Safed musli is used as tonic forgeneral debility and also as Aphrodiasiacs. Safed musalicontains 39 to 42% of Carbohydrates, Proteins 8 to 12%,Saponin 2 - 4%, Sapogenin (hicogenin) 0.18 to 0.2%;several rare elements like zinc, copper and phosperous,fibers content of the roots is about 3 to 5% 4 . A very lessnumbers of research findings were reported on this plant,especially no systematic Pharmacognostical <strong>studies</strong> hasbeen reported. Therefore, present investigation wasplanned to study the Pharmacognostical aspects of C.borivilianum root tubers.MATERIALS AND METHOD -Authenticated planting materials were collected throughNBPGR (ICAR) from NRC for M & AP, Anand, Gujratbearing DS no. 413 dated 5 th July 2004. The plantingmaterials were used for cultivation by following thestandard method and harvested in time to get better yieldand more Percentage of active principles. The voucherspecimen preserved in laboratory for future references.The root tubers were made free from aerial parts & wiryrootlets and thoroughly washed under running tap waterto remove adherent dirt materials, then peeled & shadedried. Few samples of root tubers were stored informalin aceto-alcohol solution and out of remaining,few kept as such i.e. entire form and others are powderedto #40 and stored in airtight glass containers 5, 6 .Free hand transverse sections of the root tubers weretaken from the preserved material observed undermicroscope and photographs taken in VIVITAR camera,Japan.Stored entire and fine powder of root tubers were takenfor the <strong>studies</strong> of macroscopical & microscopicalcharacter & Fluorescence characteristics of the drug withdifferent chemical reagents observed under day & UVlight of short & long wave length.All standard procedure were followed as per thereferences for <strong>studies</strong> of characteristics like presence ofTotal Ash, Acid insoluble Ash, Water soluble Ash,Alcohol soluble extractive value, water solubleextractive value, Swelling and foaming index, Moisturecontent and qualitative chemical test for presence ofsecondary metabolites 7,8 .RESULTSMacroscopical StudiesThe fresh roots are directly cylindrical, originates fromthe stem disc, devoid of any fibrous structure andcylindrical in shape with tapering ends. The tubernumbers are 5-20, about 6-14 cm in length and 8-12 mmin diameter. Few wiry rootlets are at the lower side andcolour earthy brown externally & white to buff-whiteinternally. The odour is faint and characteristic withmucilaginous test. (Fig-1 & 2)The peeled and dried root is tuberous &cylindrical with tapering ends, swelling considerablywhen socked in water and are white to dull white incolour. The odour is faint and characteristic withmucilaginous taste. The surface is rough showing signs*Author for CorrespondanceEmail: skpanda2006@rediffmail.com , prof.skpanda@gmail.com

Panda et.al. / Pharmacognostical <strong>studies</strong> on root tubers of Chlorophytum borivilianum…Fig 1: Fresh root tubers of C. borivilianum with CrownFig 2: Collected fresh root tubers of C. borivilianumFig 3: Fresh peeled root tubers of C. borivilianumof shrinkage when dry and texture is hard. Thesize of tubers are about 4-8 cm in length and 4-8 mm indiameter. (Fig-3 & 4)Microscopical StudiesThe T.S. of unpeeled root tuber shows the presence ofEpiblema of single layer thin walled cells of which outerwalls extended outwards and form unicellular root hairs(Fig-5). The other characteristics are similar to peeledone.The T.S. of preserved peeled sample devoid ofepiblema shows layer of cortex consists of many layersof thin walled rounded to polygonal parenchymatous andhave little or no intercellular spaces (Probably due toswelling) . The inner most layer of cortex is a singleIJPPR December - February 2010, Volume 2, Issue 4 (13-17) 14

Panda et.al. / Pharmacognostical <strong>studies</strong> on root tubers of Chlorophytum borivilianum…Fig 4: Dried peeled root tubers of C. borivilianumFig 5: T.S. of C.borivilianum root tuber (Cortex region)Fig 6: T.S. of C. borivilianum root tuber (Stele region)layer endodermis followed by a uniseriatepericycle layer of thin walled cells.The vascular tissue is not elaborate. The Xylemis exarch and consists of jointed vessels, 3-5 in numberIJPPR December - February 2010, Volume 2, Issue 4 (13-17) 15

Panda et.al. / Pharmacognostical <strong>studies</strong> on root tubers of Chlorophytum borivilianum…Fig 7: L.S. of C. borivilianum roottuber (Stele region)Fig 8 : Fibers and vessels of C.borivilianum root tuber powderFig 9: Vessels of C. borivilianum roottuber powderFig 10: Fibers of C. borivilianumroot tuber powderFig 11: Cortex of C. borivilianumroot tuber powderFig 12:Stone cell of C. borivilianumroot tuber powderin each group. However, Xylem fibres are quiteabundant, surrounding the vessels and jointed to form amore or less continuous irregular ring, xylery fibres arenot uniform at all places. The phloem is grouped inbetween the arches of the xylery tissue along withparenchyma. The central region is occupied by a fairlylarge pith region, where the cells are closely packed as incortical region and mostly of polygonal in shape 6, 7 .(Fig- 6 & 7)Powder Characteristic StudiesThe root tuber powder of C. borivilianum is buffcoloured having mucilagenous, salty and sticky in taste.The powder microscopical characters of C. borivilianumshows characters like large cortex zone, fibres in groupsand associated with the vessels, thin walled & fairlylarge with numerous pits, vessels occur in small groupsand associated with fibres, reticulately thickened andpitted and presence of stone cells with simple pits ontheir walls. (Fig 8 - 12).Florescence Characteristics StudiesThe behavior and florescence characteristics of C.borivilianum root tubers Powder with different reagentswere studied under day light, U.V light at 254 nm and365nm and observation were recorded in Table-1DISCUSSIONThe macroscopical examination of the root revealedvertical direction of the growth (positively geographic).The drug is having adventitious roots system and havingfasciculated tubers roots.Microscopical examinations of C. borivilinumroot tubers revealed the presence of epiblema ofthickened and swollen walls due to silicious depositionand rounded in shape. This structure is absent in peeleddrug. This is followed by a very large zone of cortex.The outermost layer of the cortex and just belowepiblema two layers of rectangular cell found which arehypodermis much longer than wide. The rest of thecortical cells are rounded to polygonal, parenchymatousand have little or no intercellular spacesprobable due to swelling. The innermost layer of cortexis a single layer endodermis.The stellar structure shows that the endodermisis followed by a uniserate pericycle layer. The vasculartissue is not very elaborate. The xylem is exarch andconsists of jointed vessels, 3-5 in number in each group.There are about 30-35 groups of xylem. However, xyleryfibers are quite abundant, surrounding the vessels andjointed to form a more or less continuous irregular Ring.The specific characters like presence ofunicellular root hairs undifferentiated cortex, radialarrangement of vascular bundles and exarches nature ofxylem are the root characters and presence of more thensix numbers of radial vascular bundles andpresence of large & distinct pith are the characters ofmonocot roots.IJPPR December - February 2010, Volume 2, Issue 4 (13-17) 16

Panda et.al. / Pharmacognostical <strong>studies</strong> on root tubers of Chlorophytum borivilianum…Table-1: Behaviour and florescence characteristics of C. borivilianum root Tubers PowderS.No. Treatment Colour of power inday lightU V light in Short(254nm)U V light inlong (356nm)1 Powder drug as such (Untreated powder) Whitish Dull blue Blue2 Powder drug treated with saturated picric Yellowish Green Violetacid solution3 Powder drug treated with nitric acid Light yellowish Faint yellow Blue4 Powder drug treated with hydrochloricacid5 Powder drug treated with conc. sulphuricacid6 Powder drug treated with glacial aceticacid7 Powder drug treatrd with sodiumhydroxide (5N aqueous)8 Powder drug treated with Iodine (N/20aqueous)9 Powder drug treated with ferric chlorideWhitish buff Dull blue BlackTurns chocolate BlackBlackbrownWhitish Dull blue BlackChary Brown Dull yellow VioletReddish brown Yellow Black BlackYellowish brownDeep green toBlackBlackThe microscopy findings revealed about theabsence of starch grains. Further, this has beenconfirmed by treated the powder drug with aqueous 1Niodine solution.While performing the fluorescencecharacteristics of drug powder with different chemicalreagents only change in colour of the drug powder wasobserved when seen under UV light. This probablyconfirms absence of any fluorescence compound in theroot.The drug showed the presence of total ash 4.2%, acid insoluble ash 0.8 %, water soluble ash 1.4 %,alcohol soluble extractive 1.1% , water soluble extractive10.6%, swelling index 7.4 & foaming index 68.4% andmoisture content 9.2%.The qualitative chemicals test revealed thepresence of steroids, saponin, flavonoids, tannin, aminoacid, reducing sugar and mucilage.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors are grateful to Dr. S. Maiti, Director, NRCfor A & P and Dr. R.V. Singh, Head Germplasm ofExchange Division, NBPGR, New Delhi for supplyingof authentic sample. They are also thankful to Dr. A.K.Dalai., Revenshaw College and Dr. Brahmam & Dr.Sexena for IMMT (RRL), Bhubaneswar for assisting inthe work.REFERENCES1. Anonymous, “The Wealth of India”, Vol-III, CSIR,New Delhi, 1992, 482 – 483..2. Sharma R., “Medicinal Plants of India ” DayaPublishing House, Delhi, 2003, 56 – 58.3. Kirtikar K.R., Basu B.D.,“Indian Medicinal Plants,Lalit Mohan Basu publications, Allahabad, 1987,2508 – 2509.4. Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P & Gokhale S.B.,“Pharmacognosy” 29 th Edn., Nirali prakashan, Pune-2, 2004, 211 – 215..5. Ashok M., Malati G., Chauhan G., Indian Journal ofNatural Product., 22 (i), 3.6. Dhanabal S.P., Suresh B., Sheeja E., Edusin E.,Indian Journal of Natural Product., 21 (i), 9.7. The Indian Pharmacopoea, 2 nd Edn., Govt. of India,publications, Delhi, 1966,947 - 9488. Khandelwal K.R., Practical Pharamacognosy 14 thEdn., Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 2005, 149, 157.IJPPR December - February 2010, Volume 2, Issue 4 (13-17) 17