price discrimination in the airline industry - Fagbokforlaget

y the damaging of the product they buy. Is this effect of large importance in the airlineindustry? Note that the product damaging we have described are typically harmful for thebusiness segment, if they choose the ‘wrong’ version, but less harmful for those whoactually purchase the damaged version. For example, a Saturday night stay-overrestriction is probably not very harmful for a leisure traveler. If so, there is reason tobelieve that versioning improves welfare. Moreover, versioning seem to be even morewelfare improving in a competitive setting. The empirical studies indicate thatcompetition leads to larger discounts on restricted air tickets. Then output expands in theleisure segment, the most price elastic segment. It is then very likely that versioning leadsto an increase in total output. As shown above, an increase in total output would be anecessary condition for a welfare improvement.In the airline industry an increase in total output is related to frequency. Higherdemand means that the airline can find it profitable to offer more flights and thereby toincrease the frequency. If so, versioning has a positive externality. In the businesssegment, in particular, higher frequency is valuable since a typical business passengerwould benefit from a large choice of departure times.Given that the airlines needs a certain revenue to cover its fixed costs, such a pricestructure as we have described here is the most appropriate one seen from the society’spoint of view. The welfare loss due to price above marginal cost is at a minimum if theprice-cost margins are high in segments with price inelastic demand and low in segmentswith price elastic demand. This is exactly what we expect to observe in an environment inthe airline industry with versioning and competition.Discount to large consumers has an ambiguous effect on welfare, as was the casewith versioning. In a monopoly setting, the airline has incentives to set price-cost marginsso that they are high in segments with price inelastic demand and low in segments withprice elastic demand. In such a perspective it can be beneficial. However, competitionmay have negative welfare effects. As illustrated by the experience in the Norwegianairline industry, competition may lead to discounts in those segments with buying power.That would typically be some parts of the business segments, where the buyers are large.If so, the discounts are large in segments with inelastic demand. This is not an optimalway for the airlines to cover its fixed costs. Moreover, selective discount may lead to© Steen and Sørgard 24