56 4. SEARCH PRUNING IN VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS0.60.5pruning Gain r(vt)0.40.30.20.10 5 10 15 20 25 30Realization tFigure 4.8: SBS ‘mg’, n=50, target subjectv ′ belongs to categoryC ′ =“no moustache - no glasses".0.60.5pruning Gain r(vt)0.40.30.20.10 5 10 15 20 25 30Realization tFigure 4.9: SBS ‘mg’, n=200, target subject v ′ belongs to category C ′ =“no moustache - noglasses”.the other more common case where v ′ belongs in the category <strong>of</strong> people without glasses andmoustache. The operating ranges <strong>of</strong> the pruning gain reflects directly the distinctiveness <strong>of</strong> thetarget subject, given in both cases the same population and system characteristics.4.7 Average case analysis <strong>of</strong> gain, reliability and computational-costeffects <strong>of</strong> pruning4.7.1 Average pruning gain and related errorWe proceed with presenting a concise description <strong>of</strong> the average gain <strong>of</strong> an SBS, where thegain r(v) is averaged over all possible authentication groups v, and over the randomness <strong>of</strong> thecategorization errors w, as elaborated in 4.3.The following describes the average gain and reliability <strong>of</strong> an SBS.Proposition 1 An SBS system endowed with a categorization confusion matrixEand error vectore, and operating over a general population with statistics given by p, allows for a probability <strong>of</strong>
5710.950.9pruning Gain r(vt)0.850.80.750.70.650 5 10 15 20 25 30Realization tFigure 4.10: SBS ‘emg’, n=20, target subjectv ′ belongs to categoryC ′ =“Blue eyes - no moustache- no glasses".error given byand an average gain <strong>of</strong>P err = p T er := E v,w r(v) = 1−p T Ep. (4.29)A relevant question is whether it is better, in terms <strong>of</strong> increasing the average gain, to invest ins<strong>of</strong>t biometric traits like tattoos, scars and birth marks, which are rare, but distinctive, or if it is <strong>of</strong>more value to invest in facial measures and facial colors, in which subjects are distributed moreuniformly. The above proposition addresses this question and can show that investing towards auniform category distribution for a given population is most valuable in terms <strong>of</strong> gain.We illustrate the average gain and pruning error for the proposed SBSs in Figure 4.11 andprovide the exact values in Table 2.At this point we can establish also the measure <strong>of</strong> goodput, which was introduced in 4.5.1 as ameasure that jointly considers both the gain and the reliability capabilities <strong>of</strong> an SBS.Average goodput <strong>of</strong> search pruning The measure <strong>of</strong> goodput, combines as introduced in 4.5.1the pruning gain with reliability. For the sake <strong>of</strong> simplicity the measure, denoted here as U, takesthe form <strong>of</strong> a weighted product between reliability and gainU := (1−P err ) γ 1r γ 2(4.30)for some chosen positive γ 1 ,γ 2 that respectively describe the importance paid to reliability andto pruning gain. We note the change <strong>of</strong> the expression from section 4.5.1, which forms thoughare both equivalent. We proceed to evaluate and rank the given SBSs in terms <strong>of</strong> the introducedcharacteristics gain, error and goodput and set hereby the tuning variables γ 1 = γ 2 = 1.Table 4.7.1 provides the results on the proposed nine SBSs. We observe that the highestgoodput is attributed to system ‘4e’ endowed with 4 eye color categories. The enhanced systems‘2emg’ and ‘4emg’ introduce a gain increase, but at the cost <strong>of</strong> an increased error probability. Onthe other hand the systems ‘2e’, ‘m’, ‘g’, and ‘2eg’ introduce lower error probabilities but at acost <strong>of</strong> low average pruning gain. The intertwined relationship between error, gain and goodputis illustrated in Figure 4.11. Given the measure <strong>of</strong> goodput we can compare SBSs, by prioritizing
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FACIAL SOFT BIOMETRICSMETHODS, APPL
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AcknowledgementsThis thesis would n
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- Page 31 and 32: 29Table 3.1: SBSs with symmetric tr
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- Page 41 and 42: 39Table 3.4: Example for a heuristi
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- Page 45 and 46: 43Chapter 4Search pruning in video
- Page 47 and 48: 45Figure 4.1: System overview.SBS m
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- Page 83 and 84: 81Chapter 7Practical implementation
- Page 85 and 86: 834) Eye glasses detection: Towards
- Page 87 and 88: 857.2 Eye color as a soft biometric
- Page 89 and 90: 87Table 7.5: GMM eye color results
- Page 91 and 92: 89and office lights, daylight, flas
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- Page 95 and 96: 93Chapter 8User acceptance study re
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- Page 101 and 102: 99Table 8.2: Comparison of existing
- Page 103 and 104: 101ConclusionsThis dissertation exp
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- Page 107 and 108: 105Appendix AAppendix for Section 3
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107- We are now left withN −F = 2
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109Appendix BAppendix to Section 4B
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111Blue Green Brown BlackBlue 0.75
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113Appendix CAppendix for Section 6
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115Appendix DPublicationsThe featur
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117Bibliography[AAR04] S. Agarwal,
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119[FCB08] L. Franssen, J. E. Coppe
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121[Ley96] M. Leyton. The architect
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123[RN11] D. Reid and M. Nixon. Usi
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125[ZG09] X. Zhang and Y. Gao. Face
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2Rapporteurs:Prof. Dr. Abdenour HAD
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Biométrie faciale douce 2Les terme
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Biométrie faciale douce 4une perso
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Couleur depeauCouleur descheveuxCou
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Biométrie faciale douce 8Nous nous
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Biométrie faciale douce 103. Proba
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Biométrie faciale douce 12l’entr
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Biométrie faciale douce 14Figure 6
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Biométrie faciale douce 16pages 77
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Reviewers:Prof. Dr. Abdenour HADID,
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3hair, skin and clothes. The propos
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person in the red shirt”. Further
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7- Not requiring the individual’s
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9Probability of Collision10.90.80.7
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11the color FERET dataset [Fer11] w
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13Table 2: Table of Facial soft bio
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15Chapter 1PublicationsThe featured
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17Bibliography[ACPR10] D. Adjeroh,
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19[ZESH04] R. Zewail, A. Elsafi, M.