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Reduce system design time and costwith series-connected ratingsPRODUCTS FOR LIGBy Lorne Hedges50kA50kAMain Main DeviceDevice10kA10kABranch Branch DeviceDevice50kA 50kAMain Main Device Device50kA 50kABranch Branch Device DeviceThe image at left shows a 10kA branch device (series-connectedsystem), while the image on the right shows a 50kA branch device(fully rated system).With recent trends toward increased system faultcapacity, it is important to know what equipmentcan be safely applied on systems with high availablefault currents. The most common method for documentingthese maximum ratings is listing each product withUnderwriters Laboratories (UL) or Canadian StandardsAssociation (CSA).Short circuit current ratings (SCCRs) are used to selectend-use equipment for specific available fault currentapplications. CSA and UL require that panelboards bemarked with a maximum SCCR. Testing panelboards atthe maximum SCCR evaluates the structure, bus and overcurrentprotective devices (OCPDs) as an entire system.There are three systems of short circuit current protectionavailable:• Fully rated system• Fully rated, selective co-ordination system• Series-connected systemFully rated systemIn a fully rated system, the interrupting rating of allOCPDs must be greater than or equal to the available faultcurrent at the line side terminals of each device.Fully rated, selectively co-ordinated systemThis is a fully rated system with an additional design characteristic:within the range of selectivity, the OCPD closestto the fault opens the circuit while the upstream OCPDremains closed. This limits unnecessary interruption ofservice to unaffected portions of the system. A system coordinationstudy must be performed to ensure selectivity.Series-connected systemA series-connected (or series-rated) system consists of acombination of OCPDs connected in series. The line side(main) device must have an interrupting rating equal to orgreater than the available fault current at the line side terminalsof the device. The load side (branch) circuit breakerhas a lower interrupting rating and must have been testedin combination with the main device.It is important to note that each combination ofOCPDs—circuit breaker/circuit breaker or fuse/circuitbreaker—must pass stringent testing to be approved foruse. This testing includes component-level testing, seriesconnectedtests and, finally, series-connected testing in theend-use equipment. UL and CSA also require regular requalificationtesting for series-connected ratings.Effect of series-connected ratings on co-ordinationCo-ordination is the process of localizing a fault conditionto restrict outages to the equipment affected. As statedabove, only the OCPD closest to the fault opens. Whilesome system designers believe that breaker co-ordinationis lost when using series-connected ratings, studiesconducted by Schneider Electric engineers have shownthat—in both fully rated and series-connected systems—co-ordination is not lost.Advantages of employing series-connected ratingsThere are three primary advantages of using SCCR withseries-connected ratings:• Less design time• Smaller equipment sizes• Reduced equipment costsLess design timeWhen selecting series-connected OCPDs it is unnecessaryto calculate the maximum short circuit current levels downto the line side of the lowest branch device. Once themaximum available fault current level is defined, seriesratedcombinations may be selected from a manufacturer’spublished matrix.Smaller equipment sizeUsing series-connected ratings often permits the use oflower interrupting rating branch circuit breakers, whichmay translate into smaller frame sizes. Smaller breakersmay mean higher breaker density per panel, thereforesmaller or fewer panels.Reduced equipment costSeries-connected systems allow for branch OCPDs to havelower interrupting ratings. Devices with lower interrupterratings cost less and may require smaller or fewer panels;again, adding to the cost savings. Added to the equipmentsavings are reductions in installation costs when installingsmaller or fewer panels.SummarySeries-connected ratings apply to specifically tested combinationsof OCPDs and may include circuit breaker/circuitbreaker or fuse/circuit breaker combinations. SystemOCPD co-ordination is not sacrificed when series-connectedratings are applied. And series-connected ratingsoffer the advantages of less design time, smaller equipmentsize and reduced equipment costs.Lorne Hedges is Schneider Electric’s marketing manager forStandard LVDE. (References include Square D Data Bulletin No.0600DB0108 and No. 2700DB9901 R11/02.)Room controller for lightingSuitable for areas with small lighting control zones,Watt Stopper/Legrand’s LI-ARP moves relays into theareas they control, so you don’t have to mess with complex,layered strategies for lighting control. The packprovides two relay outputs to support bi-level switchingand manual On operation, and is also equipped toaccept inputs from occupancy sensors and daylightingcontrols. By providing terminations for the loads aswell as for the control inputs, the LI-ARP eliminatesmultiple runs of line voltage and control wiring backto a central panel location. Engineers can optimize theelectrical system by feeding multiple relay packs from asingle circuit breaker, fully loading each circuit. LI-ARPcommunicates with the company’s Lighting IntegratorComplete Control System via a single data line.110 Watt Stopper/LegrandLED refrigerated display lighting systemFunctionality improvements to the LEDrefrigerated display lighting system—anecomagination product fromLumination LLC (GE’sLED business)—enablefurther energy savingsfor retailers in new andretrofit applications.Lumination technologistsand engineers haveredesigned the LED systemto incorporate fulldimming control andmotion sensing. Theincumbent lighting thatLEDs are replacing inrefrigerated display cases—fluorescent—cannot be efficiently dimmedor switched On/Off without a significant impacton product life, says GE, adding that, in contrastto cold-loving LED systems, fluorescents simply donot perform optimally in cold temperatures. A retailerincorporating motion sensors in its low-temperaturerefrigeration and freezer cases could program inside-thecaseLED lighting to turn off or revert to any brightnesslevel when there’s no one around.111 Lumination LLC(subsidiary of General Electric Co.)Halogen lineStandard’s Eye halogenline offers high-quality,Japanese-made lampsthat prevent colourshifting and beam distortion,and have a longerlifespan. Eye halogen lampsare made with quality componentsand fully warranted againstpoor workmanship and/or defects.They provide controlled operatingtemperatures, long life, constant crispwhite light and precise beam control.All Eye MR lamps are produced in a fully automatedenvironment, ensuring maximum out-of-the-box performance.The filament inside is automatically adjusted,ensuring maximum lumen output and precisebeam control. Each MR lamp is tested (lit) four timesprior to final packaging. All JDR, JD, JT and JC lampsover 50 volts have built-in safety fuses—should a lampfail, it will simply turn Off.112 Standard Products32 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • www. mag.com
TING APPLICATIONSProductsElectronic ballast with Step-Dim featureAdvance has expanded its family of Optaniumhigh-efficiency electronic ballasts to include onewith Step-Dim capability for the operation of two28W T5s. Ideal for recessed lighting applications,the ballast’s design maximizes energy savings andoperates from any line-voltage switching device.Compact and lightweight, it is available in twodifferent ballast factor options (.95 and 1.15),and incorporates programmed-start lamp ignition.It also boasts Advance’s IntelliVolt multiplevoltagetechnology, which enables the ballast tooperate at 120V to 277V, 50/60 Hz. The ballastalso incorporates enhanced safety features, suchas Auto Restart and ballast Shutdown Mode.113 Advance (div. of Philips Electronics NA)Round Augmented Cat 6-compliant UTP cableBerk-Tek introduced its LANmark 10G2 UTP cable thatfeatures, claims the company, the world’s smallest roundoutside diameter of .300-in. nominal. It is designed—andguaranteed—to meet the electrical component requirements ofproposed TIA-568-B.2-10 standard for Aug Cat 6 supportingIEEE 10GBase-T out to 100 metres. The design incorporatesfour twisted pairs cabled with three monofilament elementsthat reduces cable diameter. The LANmark-10G2 cable is partof the NetClear GTX 10 Gigabit UTP channel solution fromBerk-Tek and Ortronics/Legrand. Together with OrtronicsClarity10G UTP TracJack modular outlets, patch panels andpatch cords, NetClear GTX is guaranteed to meet or exceed allTIA 568-B.2-10 component and channel requirements.116 Berk-Tek (a Nexans company)Protective eyewearNorth Safety has added the Rebel (T8100) to its eyewearline of safety products. The Rebel’s design promises to delivergreat performancein demanding workconditions. It hasa 9-base curve unilensdesign for awider field of view,and black/grey comoulded,pantoscopic,non-slipadjustable templesfor a more securefit. The nosepiece issoft and adjustablefor increased comfortand a snug fit,while the lenses areprotected by North’s3A coating (antiscratch/-UV/-static).The eyewear is alsocertified to meet CSA Z94.3 eye and face standards.117 North Safety ProductsEnergy-efficient HPS lampsTCP has added high-pressuresodium lamps to itsHID product line that,the company claims, arethree times as efficientand last five times longerthan an incandescentbulb (24,000 hours). HPSlamps are suitable for generallighting applications,and are recommended forindoor and outdoor applications,industrial facilities androadways. Available in 35Wthrough 1000W, the HPS lampsprovide light levels of up to100 lumens/W. Rated for bothindoor and outdoor fixtures, theyproduce a warm, incandescent-like colour withgood brightness, and operate on standard HPSballasts and auxiliary equipment.114 TCP Inc.Flexible at -50 o CBuilt to last under the worlds mostFrigid conditions:• Approved for -50 o C to 90 o Cinstallations.• UL/CSA Cold Impact Test-40 o C• Temperature Range:-50 o C to 90 o C• Voltage:600V - TC1000V - AWM• UL TC-ER exposed run approved• CSA TC FT4 Tray Rated• Advanced oil, chemical, and abrasionresistant jacketBallast control packageIEPC is offering its Vari-Ballast Control (VBC)lighting control system for fluorescent lightingapplications. VBC combines solid-stateelectronics with on-site, remote and aggregateWeb-based controls to provide customers withenergy-efficient lighting control that reduces thenumber of ballasts and amount of re-wiring necessaryto install a typical fluorescent system, saysIEPC, while increasing the brightness and life ofthe lamps. VBC is a stand-alone energy managementsystem in a box that reduces demand onpower in real time. With VBC, lamp and fixturemaintenance is accomplished by using a built-inscheduler, timer, relay and dimmer. In addition,a built-in photocell allows for automatic daylightharvesting.115 IEPC (Int’l Engineering Productsand Consulting Corp.)Full size insulated ground conductor to reduce harmonic noisePerfectly round construction for optimum weather sealing andease of installation877-799-5277www.lappcanada.comInfo no. 37Lapp_EB_Nov07.indd 111/21/07 8:57:06 AMwww. mag.com • november/december 2007 • 33
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