Triumph, Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800-24

Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826Born April 13 ShadwellPlantation, Goochland Co., VaDied July 4 Monticello,Albemarle Co., Va• Founding Father, wrote Declaration ofIndependence June, 1775• Governor of Virginia (1779-81)• U.S. Minister to France (1784-90),• Secretary of State under GeorgeWashington (1790-94)• Vice-President to John Adams (1796-18001771.• He married Martha Wayles daughter of awealthy Virginia plantation owner. Theyhad six children, but only two daughterslived to adulthood.• Sally Hemmings (1773-1835).2Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Monticello3Monticello was completed in 1795Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

4Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809The first liberal president in a modern sense?• Political Reform at Home• 1 st President to live in Washington DC.• Supported ordinary people over elites(his followers sometimes went too far).• 1803 Louisiana Purchase (unconstitutional?).• Bought for $15 million including 4 millionin French debts owed to Americans. Thisended Napoleon’s attempt to conquerNorth America• Problems with Burr: Florida and WesternSchemes, Hamilton is killed July 11, 1804.• His embargo against the British crippled theU.S. economy and harmed his presidency.• His failure to deal firmly with the Britishcreated conditions that led to the War of1812.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Jefferson’s Great Explorers--Lewis & ClarkMeriwether Lewis5Born: Aug. 18 1774Albemarle Co., Va• Jefferson’s distant cousinand his private secretary.• Well-educated, he wasresponsible for most of theExpedition’s written reports.• 1808. Rewarded with thegovernorship of Louisiana,he died mysteriously Oct 11,1809 by a gunshot to thehead at Grinder's house,Natchez Trace, Tennessee,Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Jefferson’s Great Explorers Lewis & Clark:William ClarkBorn: Aug. 1 1770 Caroline Co, VaDied: Sept. 1, 1838 St Louis, Mo• Younger brother ofGeorge Rogers Clark, hewas also a distant relative toPresident Jefferson, Clarkwas a real frontiersman andco-leader of the Expedition.He did most of the scoutingand hunting.• When he died a wellrespectedTerritorialGovernor and Indian Agent,he was highly honored byNative Americans.Lewis & Clark werefollowed by Pike and Long.6Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

American Explorers of the Great Plains 1806-1820Zebulon Montgomery PikeA so-so explorer, he died a hero in the War of 1812• Compared to Lewis andClark, he was ill prepared &poorly supported.• 1805. Ordered to explorethe Mississippi River, hefounded Ft Snelling (Mn)but failed the source.• 1806. Crossing Gr Plains,named Pike’s Peak but wascaptured by Spanish.7b. Jan 5 1779 New JerseyKIA 27 April 1813 CanadaCh 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Major StephenHarriman Long8b. Dec 30 1784 –d. Sept 4 1864In 1820. Pres. Madison orderedMaj. Long lead a third officialscientific expedition along thePlatte & South Platte to centralColorado.• On June 6, 1820, Long and 19 mentraveled up the north bank of thePlatte and met Pawnee and OtoIndians. He named Longs Peakon June 30 and climbed Pike’sPeak a month later.• On his return, he wrote that thePlains from Nebraska toOklahoma were "unfit forcultivation and of courseuninhabitable by a peopledepending upon agriculture." Onthe map he made of hisexplorations, he titled the area a"Great Desert."Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Supreme Court Established Article IIIof the Constitution provides for a Supreme Court, but thedetails were left to Congress. • Sept. 24 1789 Congress set upthe federal court system withJudiciary Act of 1789.• Sept. 24 1789 Pres Washingtonappoints Chief Justice John Jay,and five associate justices.Appointments were confirmed bythe Senate in two days.• Feb. 1 1790 First session ofSupreme Court held in RoyalExchange building NY City.• 1801 Pres John Adams appointsChief Justice John Marshall(1801-1835). Marshall solidifiesthe loosely-defined powers of thecourt.9Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

4 th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1801-1835John Marshall U.S. Secretary of Stateb. Sep 24 1755 Fauquier Co. Vad. 6 Jul 1835 Philadelphia, Pa• Marshall was a RevolutionaryWar hero who laid thefoundation for the modernSupreme Court.• 1801. Appointed by Adams,and disliked by Jefferson,Marshall established theprincipal of “Judicial Review.”• He set precedent by rulingson several important casesincluding: 1803 Marbury vsMadison and 1819, DartmouthCollege (next).10Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Marbury vs Madison 1803 voids anact of Congress thus creating a landmark ruling that establishesthe Court's authority to declare laws unconstitutional - a powernot explicitly defined within the Constitution.• This 1803 decision marked the first time theUnited States Supreme Court declared afederal law unconstitutional. Chief JusticeJohn Marshall wrote the opinion for the court.He held that it was the duty of the judicialbranch to determine law (not the states). Hisopinion established the power of judicialreview—that is, the court's sole authority todeclare laws unconstitutional.11Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Supreme Court Case on Jeffersonianpolitics: New Hampshire vs. Dartmouth College12Dartmouth CollegeNew Hampshire1769. Dartmouth College was founded as aprivate institution by a Royal charter.1816. Jeffersonian Republicans swept the NewHampshire elections gaining governor and amajority in the legislature. Shortlythereafter the state arbitrarily decidedDartmouth should become a publicinstitution and took control of the propertywithout consultation or compensation.1819. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled NewHampshire’s seizure was unconstitutionalthus protecting private property fromarbitrary government action.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

13Chesapeake-LeopardAffair June 22 1807HMS Leopard 1790-1814• HMS Leopard hailed USSChesapeake just after it leftBaltimore headed for Africademanding it turn over fourBritish deserters.• Capt Barron of theChesapeake refused andthe Leopard fired, killing 3and wounding 18 on theAmerican ship.• The British boarded theship, seized four men: onewas hanged immediatelyand another died in aCanadian prison.• The American public wasoutraged but Jefferson didnothing.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

War Drums along the OhioTerritorial Gov. of the NW, Gen. Arthur St Clair 1814-181814• 1737. Born in Scotland to wealthyparents, he arrived in America as aBritish infantry officer in the 60 thFoot Regiment, “Royal Americans”• 1775. A Pennsylvania farmer, the 2 ndContinental Congress commissionedhim Maj. Gen. of Continental forces.• 1787. As Gov of NW Territory, heangered the Indians, opposed Ohiostatehood, attacked the Constitution.• Nov 4 1791 St Clair was routed andtotally disgraced by a Miami force led byLittle Turtle at Ft Wayne, Ohio.• In 1802 Jefferson dismissed him andhe died in poverty.Arthur St Clair1737-1818Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

James Madison 4 th president 1809-1817and the War of 181215• Madison’s economicsanctions failed to end thecrisis with Britain.• The Embargo and Boycottangered New England.• The Frontier Indian Wars• 1810. The Shawnees attackOhio settlers.• Tecumseh and his brotherTenskwatawa “Prophet” ledan Indian confederacyagainst the US settlers.James Madison1751-1836Father of ConstitutionCh 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

War of 181216After an outbreak ofIndian attacks in 1810.Phase 1: 1812-13 (North)A naval war at sea andon the Great Lakes.Phase 2: 1814 (Middle)British soldiers invadeChesapeake Bay anddestroy public buildingsin Washington DC, butfail at Ft McHenry.Phase 3: 1815 (South)January, the British aredefeated at the Battleof New OrleansCh 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Naval Open Ocean War of 1812American “super” frigates,Constitution, Constellation,United States prove to be superiorto British warships of the samerate and size.• The U.S. Navy broke the Britishblockade and ravaged the Britishmerchant fleet, hurting England’seconomy and driving up Londoninsurance rates more than 200%.• USS Constitution won sixvictories against great odds andwas never defeated.• The ship is still on active duty basedUSS Constitutionin Boston harbor.Commissioned in 1796 still considered anactive warship of the U.S. Navy17Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Naval War on the Great LakesPhase 1: June 18 1812-Sept. 10, 1813After the USdeclares war, theRoyal Navyblockades the EastCoast with 100 ships.In April, 1813 US Gen.Pike invades Canadaand burns York(Toronto).The Americans wageand win, a naval waragainst the RoyalNavy on Lake Ontarioand Lake Erie.18Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Phase 2. Invasion of the Chesapeake and theStar-Spangled Banner September 4 1814• Key was held on HMSSurprise 8 miles from FtMcHenry during the allnight bombardment onthe fort. He saw the flagin the flashes of lightand at dawn.• Key was inspired towrite the words to "TheStar-Spangled Banner."19Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Capture and destruction of Washington DC.The Capital. Constructed in 1800, British soldiers torched it onthe evening of August 24, 1814.20Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

The Executive MansionBritish soldiers burned all public buildings, including the Nationallibrary. Only one building survived: USMC headquarters at “8 th & I,”The thick sandstone walls ofthe President's Housesurvived, although scarredwith smoke and scorchmarks. A popular myth isthat the name “White House”came from the rebuiltmansion being painted tocover smoke damage, thename is recorded earlier andwas first painted white in1798.Reconstruction of theCapitol began in 1815 andwas completed in 1830.The Executive Mansion the morning after the attack.21Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Dolly Madison 1751-1836First Lady of the United States22Dolly Dandridge Payne1768-1849• 1771 Graduate of Princeton.• A widow, she was introduced toMadison by Aaron Burr (m. 1794).• When not in Washington DC, sheand Madison lived at Montpelier for42 years.• One of the most likeable andoutgoing First Ladies, she earlierserved as hostess for Jeffersonafter his wife Martha died.• Minutes before the British arrived,Dolly ran out of the White Housecarrying the standing portrait ofGeorge Washington.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

23Phase 3. Battle of New OrleansAndrew Jackson "Old Hickory" saves the UnionMarch 1814, Jackson'sdecisive victory at Horseshoe Bend,Alabama, destroyed Creek resistanceand opened more than 20 millionacres of land to settlement.• At New Orleans, he won an amazinglyone-sided victory over LordPakenham’s British army-fresh fromdefeating Napoleon at Waterloo. Hadthe British conquered New Orleans,they undoubtedly would have heldonto the Mississippi River and endedWestern expansion by the US.• Jackson became a great national heroand for the rest of the 19 th Century,Battle of New OrleansJanuary 8, 1815the Democrat Party celebratedJanuary 8 as its own national holiday.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

The Destruction of Washington DC isoffset by the Victory at New Orleans24Maj.Gen Andrew Jackson1767-1845• 1814, Dec. 24. Treaty of Ghent• Signed in Belgium on ChristmasEve, it is sent by ship to Americabut takes nearly a month to reachthe United States.• 1815, Jan 8. Battle of New Orleans.• Andrew Jackson and his militiaforces destroy the cream of theBritish Army and end Britishdreams of controlling the US orNorth America.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Hartford Convention Dec 15, 1814- Jan 5, 1815“Unaware of the impending victory at New Orleans, the NE Federalistsconsidered secession and making a separate peace with Great Britain“25Timothy Pickering1745-1829• “Mr. Madison’s War” is veryunpopular in New England whomaintain close ties with the British.• Federalists led by John Lowell andTimothy Pickering met at Hartford,(Conn) and call for a Constitutionalamendment to protect their rights vs.the slave South.• The pro-British Federalist delegatesare quite hostile toward the US Southand West.• News of the Victory at the Battle ofNew Orleans destroyed the Federalistpolitical party as newspapersportrayed them as traitors to therepublic.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Victory is followed by national celebration“The Era of Good Feelings”1817-1819James Monroe5 th President 1817-1825.Economic & Judicial nationalismspreads to the Mississippi River.• 1820. Supremely confident, UScitizens look to settle the West.• For the first time Americans imaginethe country extending coast to coast.• 1824. Pres. Monroe issues “MonroeDoctrine” which warns Europeanpowers to stay out of WesternHemisphere.• 1824. The election of John Q. Adamsends the “Virginia Dynasty.”26Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

The election of 1824-Breakdown of Political Unity1819. Cotton market collapses,resulting in a national bankpanic.• 1820. The Missouri Compromisecreates an open rift between theNorth and South in Congress.• 1824. The presidential election ishotly contested betweenNortherner John Q. Adams andSoutherner Andrew Jackson.• Jackson wins the popular vote butJohn Quincy AdamsPresident 1825-1829Adams becomes president becauseof his influence with Henry Clay onthe electoral college.27Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

Continuing problems with Slavery 1820 Missouri Compromise28*Slavery in Missouri is permitted asan exception. Both sides agree thiscompromise agree that it is but atemporary fix.• 1820. Bitter Southernpoliticians fight to obtaina guarantee of slavery.• To protect their power inthe senate, Southernersdemand one slave statebe admitted for every freestate (they institute the filibuster).• The compromise draws adividing line for slavestates on the southernMissouri border.• North of that line, noslavery is legal.*Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

John Quincy Adams6 th PotUS 1825-1829 Son of 2 nd President29John Quincy Adams1767-1848• Jackson called his election“The Crime of 1824.”• Adams and his administrationis despised and constantlyslandered by the supportersof Senator Andrew Jackson.• Joining together across thenation, the Anti-Adams crowdcreate the first full-time, yearroundpolitical party, theJacksonian Democrats.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)

1820-24 Mexico and the SouthwestSpanish North America 181730• 1820. In Mexico, a rebellionagainst Spanish rule islaunched from New Orleans- fails.• 1824. The Spanish arefinally thrown out and homebornMexicans take powerfor the first time.• Most Mexican provinces andespecially New Mexico andCalifornia feel completelyisolated from the weakcentral government.Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24(30)