Triumph, Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800-24
Triumph, Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800-24 Triumph, Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800-24
- Page 2 and 3: Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826Born Apri
- Page 4 and 5: 4Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809
- Page 6 and 7: Jefferson’s Great Explorers Lewis
- Page 8 and 9: Major StephenHarriman Long8b. Dec 3
- Page 10 and 11: 4 th Chief Justice of the Supreme C
- Page 12 and 13: Supreme Court Case on Jeffersonianp
- Page 14 and 15: War Drums along the OhioTerritorial
- Page 16 and 17: War of 181216After an outbreak ofIn
- Page 18 and 19: Naval War on the Great LakesPhase 1
- Page 20 and 21: Capture and destruction of Washingt
- Page 22 and 23: Dolly Madison 1751-1836First Lady o
- Page 24 and 25: The Destruction of Washington DC is
- Page 26 and 27: Victory is followed by national cel
- Page 28 and 29: Continuing problems with Slavery 18
- Page 30: 1820-24 Mexico and the SouthwestSpa
Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826Born April 13 ShadwellPlantation, Goochland Co., VaDied July 4 Monticello,Albemarle Co., Va• Founding Father, wrote Declaration <strong>of</strong>Independence June, 1775• Governor <strong>of</strong> Virginia (1779-81)• U.S. Minister to France (1784-90),• Secretary <strong>of</strong> State under GeorgeWashington (1790-94)• Vice-President to John Adams (1796-<strong>1800</strong>1771.• He married Martha Wayles daughter <strong>of</strong> awealthy Virginia plantation owner. Theyhad six children, but only two daughterslived to adulthood.• Sally Hemmings (1773-1835).2Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Monticello3Monticello was completed in 1795Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
4Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809The first liberal president in a modern sense?• Political Reform at Home• 1 st President to live in Washington DC.• Supported ordinary people over elites(his followers sometimes went too far).• 1803 Louisiana Purchase (unconstitutional?).• Bought for $15 million including 4 millionin French debts owed to Americans. Thisended Napoleon’s attempt to conquerNorth America• Problems with Burr: Florida and WesternSchemes, Hamilton is killed July 11, 1804.• His embargo against the British crippled theU.S. economy and harmed his presidency.• His failure to deal firmly with the Britishcreated conditions that led to the War <strong>of</strong>1812.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Jefferson’s Great Explorers--Lewis & ClarkMeriwether Lewis5Born: Aug. 18 1774Albemarle Co., Va• Jefferson’s distant cousinand his private secretary.• Well-educated, he wasresponsible for most <strong>of</strong> theExpedition’s written reports.• 1808. Rewarded with thegovernorship <strong>of</strong> Louisiana,he died mysteriously Oct 11,1809 by a gunshot to thehead at Grinder's house,Natchez Trace, Tennessee,Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Jefferson’s Great Explorers Lewis & Clark:William ClarkBorn: Aug. 1 1770 Caroline Co, VaDied: Sept. 1, 1838 St Louis, Mo• Younger brother <strong>of</strong>George Rogers Clark, hewas also a distant relative toPresident Jefferson, Clarkwas a real frontiersman andco-leader <strong>of</strong> the Expedition.He did most <strong>of</strong> the scoutingand hunting.• When he died a wellrespectedTerritorialGovernor and Indian Agent,he was highly honored byNative Americans.Lewis & Clark werefollowed by Pike and Long.6Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
American Explorers <strong>of</strong> the Great Plains 1806-1820Zebulon Montgomery PikeA so-so explorer, he died a hero in the War <strong>of</strong> 1812• Compared to Lewis andClark, he was ill prepared &poorly supported.• 1805. Ordered to explorethe Mississippi River, hefounded Ft Snelling (Mn)but failed the source.• 1806. Crossing Gr Plains,named Pike’s Peak but wascaptured by Spanish.7b. Jan 5 1779 New JerseyKIA 27 April 1813 CanadaCh 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Major StephenHarriman Long8b. Dec 30 1784 –d. Sept 4 1864In 1820. Pres. Madison orderedMaj. Long lead a third <strong>of</strong>ficialscientific expedition along thePlatte & South Platte to centralColorado.• On June 6, 1820, Long and 19 mentraveled up the north bank <strong>of</strong> thePlatte and met Pawnee and OtoIndians. He named Longs Peakon June 30 and climbed Pike’sPeak a month later.• On his return, he wrote that thePlains from Nebraska toOklahoma were "unfit forcultivation and <strong>of</strong> courseuninhabitable by a peopledepending upon agriculture." Onthe map he made <strong>of</strong> hisexplorations, he titled the area a"Great Desert."Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Supreme Court Established Article III<strong>of</strong> the Constitution provides for a Supreme Court, but thedetails were left to Congress. • Sept. <strong>24</strong> 1789 Congress set upthe federal court system withJudiciary Act <strong>of</strong> 1789.• Sept. <strong>24</strong> 1789 Pres Washingtonappoints Chief Justice John Jay,and five associate justices.Appointments were confirmed bythe Senate in two days.• Feb. 1 1790 First session <strong>of</strong>Supreme Court held in RoyalExchange building NY City.• 1801 Pres John Adams appointsChief Justice John Marshall(1801-1835). Marshall solidifiesthe loosely-defined powers <strong>of</strong> thecourt.9Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
4 th Chief Justice <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court 1801-1835John Marshall U.S. Secretary <strong>of</strong> Stateb. Sep <strong>24</strong> 1755 Fauquier Co. Vad. 6 Jul 1835 Philadelphia, Pa• Marshall was a RevolutionaryWar hero who laid thefoundation for the modernSupreme Court.• 1801. Appointed by Adams,and disliked by Jefferson,Marshall established theprincipal <strong>of</strong> “Judicial Review.”• He set precedent by rulingson several important casesincluding: 1803 Marbury vsMadison and 1819, DartmouthCollege (next).10Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Marbury vs Madison 1803 voids anact <strong>of</strong> Congress thus creating a landmark ruling that establishesthe Court's authority to declare laws unconstitutional - a powernot explicitly defined within the Constitution.• This 1803 decision marked the first time theUnited States Supreme Court declared afederal law unconstitutional. Chief JusticeJohn Marshall wrote the opinion for the court.He held that it was the duty <strong>of</strong> the judicialbranch to determine law (not the states). Hisopinion established the power <strong>of</strong> judicialreview—that is, the court's sole authority todeclare laws unconstitutional.11Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Supreme Court Case on <strong>Jeffersonian</strong>politics: New Hampshire vs. Dartmouth College12Dartmouth CollegeNew Hampshire1769. Dartmouth College was founded as aprivate institution by a Royal charter.1816. <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Republicans swept the NewHampshire elections gaining governor and amajority in the legislature. Shortlythereafter the state arbitrarily decidedDartmouth should become a publicinstitution and took control <strong>of</strong> the propertywithout consultation or compensation.1819. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled NewHampshire’s seizure was unconstitutionalthus protecting private property fromarbitrary government action.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
13Chesapeake-LeopardAffair June 22 1807HMS Leopard 1790-1814• HMS Leopard hailed USSChesapeake just after it leftBaltimore headed for Africademanding it turn over fourBritish deserters.• Capt Barron <strong>of</strong> theChesapeake refused andthe Leopard fired, killing 3and wounding 18 on theAmerican ship.• The British boarded theship, seized four men: onewas hanged immediatelyand another died in aCanadian prison.• The American public wasoutraged but Jefferson didnothing.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
War Drums along the OhioTerritorial Gov. <strong>of</strong> the NW, Gen. Arthur St Clair 1814-181814• 1737. Born in Scotland to wealthyparents, he arrived in America as aBritish infantry <strong>of</strong>ficer in the 60 thFoot Regiment, “Royal Americans”• 1775. A Pennsylvania farmer, the 2 ndContinental Congress commissionedhim Maj. Gen. <strong>of</strong> Continental forces.• 1787. As Gov <strong>of</strong> NW Territory, heangered the Indians, opposed Ohiostatehood, attacked the Constitution.• Nov 4 1791 St Clair was routed andtotally disgraced by a Miami force led byLittle Turtle at Ft Wayne, Ohio.• In 1802 Jefferson dismissed him andhe died in poverty.Arthur St Clair1737-1818Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
James Madison 4 th president 1809-1817and the War <strong>of</strong> 181215• Madison’s economicsanctions failed to end thecrisis with Britain.• The Embargo and Boycottangered New England.• The Frontier Indian Wars• 1810. The Shawnees attackOhio settlers.• Tecumseh and his brotherTenskwatawa “Prophet” ledan Indian confederacyagainst the US settlers.James Madison1751-1836Father <strong>of</strong> ConstitutionCh 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
War <strong>of</strong> 181216After an outbreak <strong>of</strong>Indian attacks in 1810.Phase 1: 1812-13 (North)A naval war at sea andon the Great Lakes.Phase 2: 1814 (Middle)British soldiers invadeChesapeake Bay anddestroy public buildingsin Washington DC, butfail at Ft McHenry.Phase 3: 1815 (South)January, the British aredefeated at the Battle<strong>of</strong> New OrleansCh 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Naval Open Ocean War <strong>of</strong> 1812American “super” frigates,Constitution, Constellation,United States prove to be superiorto British warships <strong>of</strong> the samerate and size.• The U.S. Navy broke the Britishblockade and ravaged the Britishmerchant fleet, hurting England’seconomy and driving up Londoninsurance rates more than 200%.• USS Constitution won sixvictories against great odds andwas never defeated.• The ship is still on active duty basedUSS Constitutionin Boston harbor.Commissioned in 1796 still considered anactive warship <strong>of</strong> the U.S. Navy17Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Naval War on the Great LakesPhase 1: June 18 1812-Sept. 10, 1813After the USdeclares war, theRoyal Navyblockades the EastCoast with 100 ships.In April, 1813 US Gen.Pike invades Canadaand burns York(Toronto).The Americans wageand win, a naval waragainst the RoyalNavy on Lake Ontarioand Lake Erie.18Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Phase 2. Invasion <strong>of</strong> the Chesapeake and theStar-Spangled Banner September 4 1814• Key was held on HMSSurprise 8 miles from FtMcHenry during the allnight bombardment onthe fort. He saw the flagin the flashes <strong>of</strong> lightand at dawn.• Key was inspired towrite the words to "TheStar-Spangled Banner."19Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Capture and destruction <strong>of</strong> Washington DC.The Capital. Constructed in <strong>1800</strong>, British soldiers torched it onthe evening <strong>of</strong> August <strong>24</strong>, 1814.20Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
The Executive MansionBritish soldiers burned all public buildings, including the Nationallibrary. Only one building survived: USMC headquarters at “8 th & I,”The thick sandstone walls <strong>of</strong>the President's Housesurvived, although scarredwith smoke and scorchmarks. A popular myth isthat the name “White House”came from the rebuiltmansion being painted tocover smoke damage, thename is recorded earlier andwas first painted white in1798.Reconstruction <strong>of</strong> theCapitol began in 1815 andwas completed in 1830.The Executive Mansion the morning after the attack.21Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Dolly Madison 1751-1836First Lady <strong>of</strong> the United States22Dolly Dandridge Payne1768-1849• 1771 Graduate <strong>of</strong> Princeton.• A widow, she was introduced toMadison by Aaron Burr (m. 1794).• When not in Washington DC, sheand Madison lived at Montpelier for42 years.• One <strong>of</strong> the most likeable andoutgoing First Ladies, she earlierserved as hostess for Jeffersonafter his wife Martha died.• Minutes before the British arrived,Dolly ran out <strong>of</strong> the White Housecarrying the standing portrait <strong>of</strong>George Washington.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
23Phase 3. Battle <strong>of</strong> New OrleansAndrew Jackson "Old Hickory" saves the UnionMarch 1814, Jackson'sdecisive victory at Horseshoe Bend,Alabama, destroyed Creek resistanceand opened more than 20 millionacres <strong>of</strong> land to settlement.• At New Orleans, he won an amazinglyone-sided victory over LordPakenham’s British army-fresh fromdefeating Napoleon at Waterloo. Hadthe British conquered New Orleans,they undoubtedly would have heldonto the Mississippi River and endedWestern expansion by the US.• Jackson became a great national heroand for the rest <strong>of</strong> the 19 th Century,Battle <strong>of</strong> New OrleansJanuary 8, 1815the Democrat Party celebratedJanuary 8 as its own national holiday.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
The Destruction <strong>of</strong> Washington DC is<strong>of</strong>fset by the Victory at New Orleans<strong>24</strong>Maj.Gen Andrew Jackson1767-1845• 1814, Dec. <strong>24</strong>. Treaty <strong>of</strong> Ghent• Signed in Belgium on ChristmasEve, it is sent by ship to Americabut takes nearly a month to reachthe United States.• 1815, Jan 8. Battle <strong>of</strong> New Orleans.• Andrew Jackson and his militiaforces destroy the cream <strong>of</strong> theBritish Army and end Britishdreams <strong>of</strong> controlling the US orNorth America.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Hartford Convention Dec 15, 1814- Jan 5, 1815“Unaware <strong>of</strong> the impending victory at New Orleans, the NE Federalistsconsidered secession and making a separate peace with Great Britain“25Timothy Pickering1745-1829• “Mr. Madison’s War” is veryunpopular in New England whomaintain close ties with the British.• Federalists led by John Lowell andTimothy Pickering met at Hartford,(Conn) and call for a Constitutionalamendment to protect their rights vs.the slave South.• The pro-British Federalist delegatesare quite hostile toward the US Southand West.• News <strong>of</strong> the Victory at the Battle <strong>of</strong>New Orleans destroyed the Federalistpolitical party as newspapersportrayed them as traitors to therepublic.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Victory is followed by national celebration“The Era <strong>of</strong> Good Feelings”1817-1819James Monroe5 th President 1817-1825.Economic & Judicial nationalismspreads to the Mississippi River.• 1820. Supremely confident, UScitizens look to settle the West.• For the first time Americans imaginethe country extending coast to coast.• 18<strong>24</strong>. Pres. Monroe issues “MonroeDoctrine” which warns Europeanpowers to stay out <strong>of</strong> WesternHemisphere.• 18<strong>24</strong>. The election <strong>of</strong> John Q. Adamsends the “Virginia Dynasty.”26Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
The election <strong>of</strong> 18<strong>24</strong>-Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Political Unity1819. Cotton market collapses,resulting in a national bankpanic.• 1820. The Missouri Compromisecreates an open rift between theNorth and South in Congress.• 18<strong>24</strong>. The presidential election ishotly contested betweenNortherner John Q. Adams andSoutherner Andrew Jackson.• Jackson wins the popular vote butJohn Quincy AdamsPresident 1825-1829Adams becomes president because<strong>of</strong> his influence with Henry Clay onthe electoral college.27Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
Continuing problems with Slavery 1820 Missouri Compromise28*Slavery in Missouri is permitted asan exception. Both sides agree thiscompromise agree that it is but atemporary fix.• 1820. Bitter Southernpoliticians fight to obtaina guarantee <strong>of</strong> slavery.• To protect their power inthe senate, Southernersdemand one slave statebe admitted for every freestate (they institute the filibuster).• The compromise draws adividing line for slavestates on the southernMissouri border.• North <strong>of</strong> that line, noslavery is legal.*Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
John Quincy Adams6 th PotUS 1825-1829 Son <strong>of</strong> 2 nd President29John Quincy Adams1767-1848• Jackson called his election“The Crime <strong>of</strong> 18<strong>24</strong>.”• Adams and his administrationis despised and constantlyslandered by the supporters<strong>of</strong> Senator Andrew Jackson.• Joining together across thenation, the Anti-Adams crowdcreate the first full-time, yearroundpolitical party, theJacksonian Democrats.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)
1820-<strong>24</strong> Mexico and the SouthwestSpanish North America 181730• 1820. In Mexico, a rebellionagainst Spanish rule islaunched from New Orleans- fails.• 18<strong>24</strong>. The Spanish arefinally thrown out and homebornMexicans take powerfor the first time.• Most Mexican provinces andespecially New Mexico andCalifornia feel completelyisolated from the weakcentral government.Ch 9 <strong>Jeffersonian</strong> Politics <strong>1800</strong>-<strong>24</strong>(30)