Semantic Web-Based Information Systems: State-of-the-Art ...

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Answers:.Arbitrary.XML,.Ranked Answers as Arbitrary XML Data Query ng the Web Recons dered XML is the lingua franca of data interchange on the Web. As a consequence, answers should be expressible in every possible XML application. This includes both text without markup and freely chosen markup and structure. This requirement is obvious and widely accepted for conventional Web query languages. Semantic Web query languages also should be capable of delivering answers in every possible XML application in order to make it possible, for instance, to mediate between RDF and XTM (an XML serialization of Topic Maps [Pepper & Moore, 2001]) data or to translate RDF data from one RDF syntax into another RDF syntax. Answer Ranking and Top-k Answers In contrast to queries posed to most databases, queries posed to the conventional and Semantic Web might have a rather unpredictable number of answers. As a consequence, it is often desirable to rank answers according to some applicationdependent criteria. It is desirable that Web and Semantic Web query languages offer (a) basic means for specifying ranking criteria and, (b) for efficiency reasons, evaluation methods computing only the top-k answers (i.e., a given number k of best-ranked answers according to a user-specified ranking criterion). Query.Programs:.Declarative,.Rule.based The following design principles concern the design of query programs beyond the data selection facilities discussed in Section 2.2. Referential Transparency This property means that within a definition scope, all occurrences of an expression have the same value (i.e., denote the same data). Referential transparency is an essential, precisely-defined trait of the rather vague notion of “declarativity.” Referential transparency is a typical feature of modern functional programming languages. For example, evaluating the expression f 5 in the language Haskell will always yield the same value (assuming the same definition of f is used). Contrasting with languages like C or Java: the expression f(5) might yield different results every time it is called because its definition depends on constantly changing state information. Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
00 Bry, Koch, Furche, Schaffert, Badea, & Berger Referentially transparent programs are easier to understand and, therefore, easier to develop, maintain, and optimize as referential transparency allows query optimizers to dynamically rearrange the evaluation order of (sub-) expressions (e.g., for evaluating in a “lazy manner” or computing an optimal query evaluation plan). Therefore, referential transparency surely is one of the essential properties a query language for the Web should satisfy. Answer-Closedness We call a query language “answer-closed” if replacing a sub-query in a compound query by a possible (not necessarily actual) single answer always yields a syntactically valid query. Answer-closed query languages ensure in particular that every data item (i.e., every possible answer to some query) is a syntactically valid query. Functional programs can but are not required to be answer-closed. Logic programming languages are answer-closed, but SQL is not (e.g., the answer person(a) to the Datalog query person(X) is itself a possible query, while the answer “name = ‘a’ ” to the SQL query SELECT name FROM person cannot (without significant syntactical changes) be used as a query. Answer-closedness is the distinguishing property of the “query by example” paradigm (Zloof, 1975), even though it is called differently there, separating it from previous approaches for query languages. Answer-closedness eases the specification of queries because it keeps limited the unavoidable shift in syntax from the data sought for and the query specifying these data. To illustrate the importance of answer-closedness in the Web context, assume an XML document containing a list of books with titles, authors, and prices (e.g., the XML Query Use Case XMP [Chamberlain et al., 2003]). The XPath (Clark and DeRose, 1999) query: /bib/book/title/text() selects the (text of) titles of books, while a similar query in the (answer-closed) language Xcerpt ([Schaffert and Bry, 2004) is: bib {{ book {{ title { var T } }} }}. XPath does not allow to substitution (e.g., the string “Data on the Web” for the query is thus not answer-closed). In Xcerpt, on the other hand, the following is both an answer to the query and a perfectly valid query in itself: Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
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Semantic Web-Based Information Syst
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Semantic Web-Based Information Syst
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Chapter.VIII Querying.the.Web.Recon
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the semantics in the Semantic Web.
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the conventional Web, and the emerg
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Chapter.I Semant cs for the Semant
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web and
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web •
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web reas
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web simi
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web in t
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Entity Identification/Disambiguatio
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Question Answering Systems Semant c
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web The
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web Dubo
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Semant cs for the Semant c Web Shet
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The Human Semant c Web tion between
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The Human Semant c Web Figure 2. Th
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• Databases with entry-portals
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The Human Semant c Web • Knowledg
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Conceptual.Modeling The Human Seman
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The Human Semant c Web in relations
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The Human Semant c Web along the di
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The Human Semant c Web Figure 7. Th
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The Human Semant c Web Figure 10. T
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Conceptual.Calibration The Human Se
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The Human Semant c Web Figure 12. T
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Figure 16. The present structure of
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The Human Semant c Web entire healt
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The Human Semant c Web If your answ
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The Human Semant c Web In the Knowl
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The Human Semant c Web ing Environm
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The Human Semant c Web Takeuchi, H.
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26 Between February 2001 and Februa
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Chapter.III General Adaptat on Fram
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General Adaptat on Framework Proact
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General Adaptat on Framework semant
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Conclusion General Adaptat on Frame
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General Adaptat on Framework METEOR
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General Adaptat on Framework 8 Java
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Ontology Creat on Methodolog es obt
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Table 1. Ontology development 101 m
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Table 5. TOVE methodology Ontology
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Ontology Creat on Methodolog es Nor
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Ontology Creat on Methodolog es dir
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Section III Ontology Creat on Metho
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A Tool for Work ng w th Web Ontolog
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Distributed Patient Identification
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Web Serv ce Messages amination, or
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Web Serv ce Messages The full shara
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Web Serv ce Messages standards. For
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Web Serv ce Messages Figure 4 depic
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Web Serv ce Messages are stated as
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Figure 6. An example SimilarTo patt
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Figure 9. The state_structure class
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Figure 12. Target instance 8351-9
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Web Serv ce Messages 0 Brujin, J.,
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About.the.Authors About the Authors
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About the Authors 0 Veli. Bicer. is
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About the Authors 0 in refereed jou
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About the Authors 0 partment (1992)
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About the Authors Anton.Naumenko.is
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About the Authors Centre and head o
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consumer-centric business model 30
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semantic e-business 214 semantic in
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