Semantic Web-Based Information Systems: State-of-the-Art ...
Semantic Web-Based Information Systems: State-of-the-Art ...
Semantic Web-Based Information Systems: State-of-the-Art ...
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0 Chebotko, Deng, Lu, Fotouh , & Ar star<br />
terms. For example, a speech transcription and a speech translation into ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
language do not use an ontology. Consequently, OntoELAN needs to save not only<br />
instances <strong>of</strong> classes created for ontology-based annotations, but also o<strong>the</strong>r text data<br />
created without ontologies. One solution is to use XML Schema definitions to save<br />
an annotation file in <strong>the</strong> XML format — this is what ELAN does. Being consistent<br />
in using an ontological approach and, <strong>the</strong>refore, building <strong>the</strong> <strong>Semantic</strong> <strong>Web</strong>, we<br />
provide ano<strong>the</strong>r solution — <strong>the</strong> multimedia ontology.<br />
We have developed <strong>the</strong> multimedia ontology that we called General Multimedia<br />
Ontology and that serves as a semantic framework for multimedia annotation. In<br />
contrast to domain ontologies, <strong>the</strong> General Multimedia Ontology is a crucial component<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system. OntoELAN saves its annotations in <strong>the</strong> XML format as class<br />
instances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Multimedia Ontology and class instances <strong>of</strong> linguistic<br />
domain ontologies that are used in ontological tiers.<br />
The General Multimedia Ontology is expressed in <strong>Web</strong> Ontology Language and is<br />
designed based on ELAN XML Schema for annotation. The General Multimedia<br />
Ontology contains <strong>the</strong> following classes:<br />
• AnnotationDocument, which represents <strong>the</strong> whole annotation document.<br />
• Tier, which represents a single annotation tier/layer. There are several types<br />
<strong>of</strong> tiers that a user can choose.<br />
• TimeSlot, which represents a concept <strong>of</strong> a time segment that may subdivide<br />
tiers.<br />
• Annotation, which can be ei<strong>the</strong>r AlignableAnnotation or Referring Annotation.<br />
• AlignableAnnotation, which links directly to a time slot.<br />
• ReferringAnnotation, which can reference an existing Alignable Annotation.<br />
• AnnotationValue, which has two subclasses StringAnnotation and Ontology<br />
Annotation that represent two different ways <strong>of</strong> annotating.<br />
• MediaDescriptor, TimeUnit and o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
Relationships among some important General Multimedia Ontology classes are<br />
presented in Figure 3. In general, AnnotationDocument may have zero or many<br />
Tiers, which, in turn, may have zero or many Annotations. Annotation can be ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
AlignableAnnotation or ReferringAnnotation, where Alignable Annotation can be<br />
divided by TimeSlots, and ReferringAnnotation can refer to ano<strong>the</strong>r annotation.<br />
ReferringAnnotation may refer to AlignableAnnotation, as well as to ReferringAnnotation,<br />
but <strong>the</strong> root <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> referenced annotations must be an AlignableAnnotation.<br />
Each Annotation has one AnnotationValue, which can be ei<strong>the</strong>r a StringAnnotation<br />
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