Semantic Web-Based Information Systems: State-of-the-Art ...

Ontology Creat on Methodolog es
Normally, methods to generate ontology could be summarized (Ding & Foo,
2002):
• Bottom-up: From specification to generalization
• Top-down:.From generalization to specification such as KACTUS ontology
• Middle-out: From the most important concepts to generalization and specialization
such as Enterprise ontology and Methondology
Figure 1 shows how different ontologies deal with both the top-down approach and
the bottom-up approach.
As depicted in Figure 1, on one side, the Naïve approaches present a low level of
quality in both approaches and are not taken into account in this analysis. Although
different technology-driven methodologies are used, new methodologies and tools
are needed for creating and managing local schemata. These methodologies and tools
should allow both the creation of a schemata from scratch (analyzing documents,
repeated occurrences within databases, etc.) and the management of sense-making
processes on concepts. This framework is called in the figure “more sophisticated
approaches.” These should provide guidelines to assist the knowledge owner in
making choices at different levels, from the high-level structure of the ontology to
the fine detail of whether or not to include distinctions. These frameworks should
Figure 1. Methodologies according the top down and bottom up approach
H gh
Top Down
Approach
Low
DOLCE
Low
GISE
Naïve
approaches
Methontology
Multilingual
methontology
Uschold’s
methodology
Bottom Up Approach
More sophisticated
approaches
DILIGENT
H gh
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