Alumni AuthorRecently Published WorkCell of Cells:The Global Race toCapture and Controlthe Stem CellBy Cynthia Fox ’79The three-word title of this timelybook by Cynthia Fox ’79 capturesthe essence of stem cells;that is, a stem cell is just a singlecell but it also might, under theright conditions, give rise to celldynasties, an extraordinary featthat normal differentiated cellsof vertebrates seem unable toaccomplish.Within over 400 pages ofexplanatory text (and supportedby detailed sourcing notes at theend of the book), Cynthia treatsthe reader to the personalities,politics and places involved insome major stem-cell advancesin the past half decade. Based onher end notes, it appears that shetraveled the world to speak toleading researchers in locationsincluding Egypt, Israel, SouthKorea, Singapore, Australia,Japan and the United States.Cynthia weaves together notesfrom those interviews with storiestaken from newspapers, scientificjournals, conversationswith stem-cell recipient patients,and politicians, creating a type ofscientific whodunit. She takesthe reader on the cloning rollercoasterof successes and setbacks,describing this globalscientific race as it has unfoldedso far.She does not just list what weknow (or believe we know) todayabout stem cells; instead, shetraces growth of our knowledgethrough a series of laborious butcreative and intriguing experimentsconducted around theworld from about 1998 to 2006.She clarifies motivations, separatesgenuine breakthroughsfrom deceits, and identifies psychologicalas well as political andfinancial restraints to progress inlocating and understanding stemcells of all types. For example,even after the first normal adultstem cell (a blood stem cell) wassuccessfully cultured (in 1988, inmice), continuing psychologicalconstraints delayed discoveringadult neural stem cells. Shewrites, “…the vast majority [of scientists]believed the adult braincould not contain stem cells. Ifthe brain were constantly replacingneurons, where would thememory go?” Once the shockingdiscovery of neural (brain) stemcells was reported (in 1992, inmice), scientists began to lookmore carefully for stem cells inall types of tissues, includingcancerous tissues.Cynthia also points to the roleof politics that has encouragedglobalization of embryonic stemcellresearch. In Chapter 1, titled“Unmade in America,” shedescribes how religious beliefsof President Bush have drivenresearch on human embryonicstem cells to other countries andgreatly slowed American progressin learning how to culture and toinduce differentiation in thesetotipotent cells.When human embryos developnaturally, the stem cells “know”what to do to produce all of theessential tissues and organs,from heart to kidney to skin topancreas. Outside of a body, or inlaboratory culture dishes, howcan we tell these very same cellsto do what we would like them todo? For example, how do wecommunicate chemically to stemcells to say, “Become functionalpancreas cells, please”? This isa hugely challenging question,but one whose answer holds somuch promise for millions ofhumans suffering from diabetes,neurological disorders, cardiovascularproblems, cancer, or,literally, degeneration of anybody part.Later in her book, Cynthia walksthe reader through state-of-theartblood cancer treatments andkidney transplantations. She alsointroduces research suggestingblood stem cells from a youngsource might help rejuvenateage-damaged tissues.It takes time for humans to considerand then to accept or rejectsome technological advances thatare products of scientific humanminds (e.g., in vitro fertilizationor genetic modification of foodcrops). Today, about 50 yearssince the deliberate productionof the first mammalian chimera,many humans are comfortablewith the idea of saving a lifethrough transfer of body parts(e.g., kidney, skin, heart, liver)from donors.A key impediment to progresson human embryonic stem cells(hES) has been our inability toreach consensus on one keyissue: “When does meaningfulhuman life begin?” In scatteredchapters, Cynthia addressesunderstandings from a variety ofcultures. For example, she writesthat “…the Koran says the souldoesn’t enter the body until120 days.” Many Jews believe“human life is a process…with‘ensoulment’ only starting totake root around the fortieth dayafter conception.“Much of the Western world, inthe 1980s, had codified into lawthe notion that meaningfulhuman life ends when the braingoes.” And “therefore, many scientistsby 2003…believed that52 <strong>Milton</strong> Magazine
Alumni Named Great Minds of the Business Worldmeaningful human life beginsthe moment the human brainbegins to form…approximately14 days after conception. (TheUnited Kingdom, among othernations, codified this.) Thatmoment occurs long afterhuman ES (hES) are formed,around day five. This, added tothe fact that a full 70 percent of[human] embryos never make itto birth naturally, should renderhES cells “moral” for use, byPresident Bush’s own standards,many scientists believed.” Thisvariety of religious beliefs hasclearly slowed the developmentof global guidelines on stem-cellresearch.What might be some productiveuses of stem cells? Can stemcells be injected and used torebuild breast tissue of post-mastectomizedwomen? Can stemcells be precisely injected intodamaged heart muscle to repairand rejuvenate those areas? Candonor bone-marrow cells be usedto stimulate attack of host cancercells? And what about seriousproblems? Can injection of stemcells lead to cancer or atherosclerosisif injected in the wrongplace or at the wrong time?Cynthia has made these possibilitiesunderstandable to any readerintrigued by this scientificfrontier.Linde EysterScience DepartmentFaculty Advisor to Helix, <strong>Milton</strong><strong>Academy</strong>’s Science Writers’ ClubTwo <strong>Milton</strong> alumni—KimberlySteimle Gori ’92 and <strong>Milton</strong>trustee Austan Goolsbee ’87—were each named one of the “TopForty Under Forty” businessexecutives in their respectivecities, Boston and Chicago, thispast fall.Kim, who is the vice president ofmarketing and business developmentfor Suffolk Construction,was honored as one of the city’stop young business executives bythe Boston Business Journal inits annual “40 Under 40” listing,which bases its selection on “professional,civic and personalaccomplishments.” A recentSuffolk press release announcingKim’s honor explained that she“has been with SuffolkConstruction since 2002, whenCEO John Fish hired her to leadthe company’s marketing andcommunications operations.[Kim] made an immediateimpact at Suffolk assembling anexpert team of creative and publicrelations professionals to promotethe Suffolk brand. Shequickly became a trusted advisorfor Fish, counseling him on aAustan Goolsbee ’87wide range of communications40endeavors including brandingand business development initiatives,media and public relations,event planning, speechwriting,and website design.”After graduating from <strong>Milton</strong><strong>Academy</strong>, Kim attended theCollege of the Holy Cross andthen embarked on her professionalcareer in marketing withMcDermott & O’Neill Associates.In addition to her businessfocus, Kim is committed to givingback to the community. Sheoversees Suffolk’s charitableprograms and, among otherphilanthropic undertakings,serves on the board of Habitatfor Humanity.Austan Goolsbee ’87, Robert P.Gwinn Professor of Economicsat the University of ChicagoGraduate School of Business,was named one of Chicago’sbright young businesspeople ina similar listing compiled byChicago Business. Austan specializesin the application ofeconomics to new technologyfields, especially the Internet. Heattended Yale University, wherehe earned both his bachelor’sand master’s degrees. He earnedhis doctorate in economics atMIT.Among Austan’s several dozenpublished papers in economic,tax and technology-related journals,he has had regular columnson Slate.com, owned by TheWashington Post, and The NewYork Times. He has written oneverything from online versusretail competition in the computerindustry through state incomeapportionment. Austan was alsothe economic advisor to Illinoissenator Barack Obama duringhis 2002 campaign.Kimberly Steimle Gori ’9253 <strong>Milton</strong> Magazine