BOOKS IN REVIEWworld by perceiving original aspects inthe natural and human environments.Thus the poetic discovery <strong>of</strong> Canadabecomes a process <strong>of</strong> naming in the Adamicsense, involving the inhalation <strong>of</strong> thespiritual breath and the utterance <strong>of</strong> thename. In several <strong>of</strong> the poems this pronouncedvision <strong>of</strong> country assumes amanifold perspective, as in "Eight ways<strong>of</strong> spending an evening on WhitsunLake," the octet <strong>of</strong> haiku reminiscent <strong>of</strong>the amusing sentences <strong>of</strong> Wallace Stevens,ranging in mood from the metaphysical"The owl's eye is / a chink inthe barn, ajar / for mice to enter" ; to thewhimsical "Ravens on fence posts / sit asblack as telephones, / expecting a call";to the sentimental "Just warm and alive,/ the three <strong>of</strong> us, you, I, and / the firstbutterfly." In this respect, whether theline is short and monosyllabic or, as elsewhere,long and polysyllabic, the meanings<strong>of</strong> all these poems emerge in the act<strong>of</strong> reading itself, rather than in the process<strong>of</strong> reflection or analysis, somewhat asthe taste <strong>of</strong> food emerges in the act <strong>of</strong>chewing and swallowing, rather than inthe process <strong>of</strong> digestion. (Whether thisundigested verse is intelectually nourishingis another question entirely.) In hisconcluding piece, "A poem as a question,"Nash develops a metaphor <strong>of</strong> husbandryas mastication and poetry as husbandry,taking the form <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong>questions on the meaning <strong>of</strong> growth anddecay, concluding: "Does anger have amouth to eat? / or the dumb man atongue / to sing himself asleep?" Thusdoes the poet encourage us to feed on theharvest <strong>of</strong> poetry and to articulate ourwhole consciousness.An even more consistently animalorientedcollection <strong>of</strong> poems — indeed akind <strong>of</strong> bestiary based on a zoologicalpoetic — comes from St. John Simmons,whose wilderness verse has the exotictaste <strong>of</strong> game that as one eats one canstill see running wild. His world is one <strong>of</strong>man, animal, plant, and stone interconnectingenvironmentally, with no oneelement dominating the others. In "AnEvening Song," for example, Simmonsponders the dreaming death <strong>of</strong> a childenfolded by nature, beginning: "Here,the wolf. / There, the lilac. / Between theshadow <strong>of</strong> the boy / who wouldn't live. /Falls purple as a desert sunset." The followingstanzas readjust the elements butdo not upset the balance <strong>of</strong> nature; andthe poet seems to compose his verses notonly to imitate but also to maintain thisbalance.Prominent among the poems is thefigure <strong>of</strong> the child, who appears to representthe poet in the wilderness <strong>of</strong> language,in awe <strong>of</strong> his environment butunthreatened by it. The opening poem,"In My Mouth the Young Boy Dances,"captures the child-poet relationship andinaugurates Simmons' own treatment <strong>of</strong>ingested verse, involving the tasting <strong>of</strong>experience and the perpetuation <strong>of</strong> experiencein the mouth <strong>of</strong> the singingpoet, in particular the child's entry intothe world <strong>of</strong> experience. In "The ChildrenAsked Me to Kill You," for instance,beauty is the murder weapon andthe children innocently sound a chimemade <strong>of</strong> their dead mother's bones.Through this kind <strong>of</strong> unusually graphicimagery Simmons encourages us to recoverwhat in the masterful prose poetry<strong>of</strong> his preface he calls our "domaineperdu."The best among this mélange à six <strong>of</strong>books demand the least commentary aswell as the highest recommendation, bothsteve mccaffery and Louis Dudek <strong>of</strong>feringextremely understated reflections onpoetry that seem to say more than poetrycan say for itself.McCaffery's reflections take the form<strong>of</strong> aphorisms and epigrams and assumethe format <strong>of</strong> a journal, each entry comprisingat the top <strong>of</strong> the page a whimsicalhistorical or temporal reference and at185
BOOKS IN REVIEWthe bottom <strong>of</strong> the page a terse poeticstatement which, although defying interpretationitself, does inspire interpretivereflection and even seems to assign theblank page above with the meanings <strong>of</strong>the poem it invites through its veryemptiness and seeming wastefulness. Asthe poet himself says: "great poems areread from the bottom up." The emphasis<strong>of</strong> these poems-at-bottom falls on theminim rather than on the mal <strong>of</strong> minimalism,as the book's concluding minimalmaxim (appropriately followed byseveral completely blank pages) suggestswith anti-intellectual wisdom: "neverread / never write / always continue tolearn." The greatest compliment one canpay to McCaffery is to encourage him t<strong>of</strong>ollow his own advice by testing knowledge'signorance and by thinking aboutall that thought thought he did.Rather than aphoristic or epigrammatic,Louis Dudek's reflections aredidactic and prophetic. In some casesDudek simply gives wise advice, as whenhe suggests we compile an "encyclopedia<strong>of</strong> ignorance" or informs the young poetthat "It is humility to publish privately,at your own cost" ; whereas in other caseshe <strong>of</strong>fers more pr<strong>of</strong>ound speculation, aswhen he considers the perpetual possibilities<strong>of</strong> a chess game in relation to theendless free choices <strong>of</strong> human life orponders the probabilities <strong>of</strong> genealogyand concludes: "Everyone you meet is adistant family relation." Each entry is aself-contained idea on ideas, based onDudek's own poetic concerns and stimulatingour own concerns for poetry andfor the history <strong>of</strong> theoretical thought. Inhis belief that reality is more contemplativeeven than linguistic, Dudek seems toecho McCaffery's own contention thatthe silence <strong>of</strong> the blank page is perhapsthe highest poetic expression, representingas it does thought in its purity beforethe imperfection <strong>of</strong> oral or verbal expression.Both poets represent the purity <strong>of</strong>186ingested verse in that they pronouncetheir raw poetic ideas directly and yethave the refinement to keep silence,acknowledging silence as the criterion bywhich we judge the spoken essence <strong>of</strong>poetry. Even the critic must observetheir silence.These six collections <strong>of</strong> poetry andpoetic experimentation and theory pointto the fine distinctions between merepoetasting and the poetic <strong>of</strong> ingestedverse. If Steven Smith is rather tastelessand Frank Davey somewhat in bad taste,Roger Nash and St. John Simmons areeasily acquired tastes, and Steve McCafferyand Louis Dudek could very well beto everyone's taste. But each poet in hisown way enunciates the pre-eminentcritical distinction <strong>of</strong> tasting poets themselvesthrough the poetasting <strong>of</strong> ingestedcriticism. Buon appetito!COVERING KIDSP. MATTHEW ST. PIERREKEN ROBERTS, Crazy Ideas. Groundwood,$5-95-JACQUELINE NUGENT, Beyond the Door.Groundwood, $7.95.WILLIAM PASNAK, In the City <strong>of</strong> theGroundwood, $6.95.King.IF THESE THREE BOOKS from Douglasand Mclntyre's Groundwood Press wererepresentative <strong>of</strong> all new book publishing,the adage "you can't judge a bookby its cover" would soon be meaningless.The cover illustration on each <strong>of</strong> thesethree children's novels gives the readeran honest depiction <strong>of</strong> both the plot andthe flavour <strong>of</strong> the story within.Crazy Ideas is an easy, funny, predictable,and delightful tale for young readerswho want the open-mouthed, onedimensionalexcitement <strong>of</strong> a Choose-Your-Own-Adventure with the bonus <strong>of</strong>a real story. Like the story the cover is full<strong>of</strong> activity and colour: two round-faced
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