Eurocodes and National Annexes (including EN 1990 and EN 1991 ...

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 1Eurocodes and National Annexes(including EN 1990 and EN 1991)Barry Haseltine MBE

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 2SHORT INTRODUCTION TO EN 1990 ANDEN 1991Shortened version of presentations given toWorkshop in February 2008(excluding bridges)Grateful thanks toHaig Gulvanessian CBEFor some of the slides that are used for thispresentation

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEurocode SubjectsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 3The full list of Eurocode subjects, with the number ofParts in each is:EN1990 Basis of Structural Design 1 PartEN1991 Actions on Structures 10 PartsEN1992 Design of Concrete Structures 4 PartsEN1993 Design of Steel Structures 20 PartsEN1994 Design of Composite Structures 3 PartsEN1995 Design of Timber Structures 3 PartsEN1996 Design of Masonry Structures 4 PartsEN1997 Geotechnical Design 2 PartsEN1998 Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance 6 PartsEN1999 Design of Aluminium Structures 5 Parts3

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsParts of EC 6Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 4EN 1996: Design of masonry structures has four parts:EN 1996-1-1: Design of masonry structures – Part 1-1: Common rules for reinforcedand unreinforced masonry designEN 1996-1-2: Design of masonry structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural firedesignEN 1996-2: Design of masonry structures – Part 2: Design considerations, selection ofmaterials and execution of masonry structuresEN 1996-3: Design of masonry structures – Part 3: Simplified calculation methods forunreinforced masonry structures4

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsPublication of a Eurocode Partand withdrawal of National CodesDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 5NSB must publish EN Part, from EN titlepage to the last page of the Annexes(whether Informative or Normative) withoutany change whatsoever5

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsElements of a European StandardDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 6ababcefNational title pageNational forewordEN title paged EN textEN Annex(es)National annexc de6f

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsPublication of a Eurocode Partand withdrawal of National CodesDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 7Date of Availability (DAV) of a Eurocode PartMax 2 YearsPublication by NSB within 6 months (without National Annex)Translation intoCountry Languagefrom E, F or GFix NationallyDeterminedParametersAdapt NationalProvisions to allowuse of Eurocode PartsPublication of National AnnexMax 3 YearsCoexistence PeriodwithNational CodesFinal Adaption ofNationalProvisionsPreparation ofDesign Aids(software, handbooks)Withdrawal of National Codes having same scope as Eurocode Partby March 20107

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsNationally Determined ParametersDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 8Member States Set Safety Levelse.g Partial Safety Factors γ8

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsNationally Determined ParametersDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 9Eurocode Parts allow for National Choiceby use ofClassesSymbols instead of valuesAlternative MethodsCountry specific data9

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsNationally Determined ParametersDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 10The National Choice ofa Classvalue for a Symbolmethod where a choice is givenCountry specific dataequalsNationally Determined Parameter (NDP)10

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsNationally Determined ParametersDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 11Recommended to give NDPs in NationalAnnexes, published by NSBs separately fromPartsorPermitted for NDPs to be put in RegulationsorNational Standard (separate from Part)11

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsNationally Determined ParametersDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 12Decisions on the status of Informative Annexes:The National Annex should state whether anInformative Annex may or may not be used in aCountry. If it may not, then no alternative can begiven in the National Annex, but reference canbe made to another document for example NCCI12

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 13LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODESEN 1990Structural safety,serviceability anddurabilityEN 1991Actions onstructuresEN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999Design and detailingEN 1997EN 1998Geotechnical andSeismic design

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 14EN 1990: EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNEN 1990 is the key Eurocode for the design ofbuildings and civil engineering worksEvery Eurocode part fromEN 1991:Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures throughthe design Eurocodes EN 1992 to EN 1999requires the use of EN 1990‣ EN 1990 provides the material independent andsafety related information required for the design ofbuildings, and civil engineering works for theEurocodes suite.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 15EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGN: CONTENTSForewordSection 1: GeneralSection 2: RequirementsSection 3: Principles of limit statesSection 4: Basic variablesSection 5: Structural analysis and design assisted bytestingSection 6: Verification by the partial factor methodAnnex A (N): Application for buildings (1); bridges (2)Annex B (Inf): Management of structural reliability forconstruction worksAnnex C (Inf): Basis for partial factor design andreliability analysisAnnex D (Inf): Design assisted by testing

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 16EN 1990: EUROCODE BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNObjectives of EN 1990: Basis of DesignEN 1990 establishes principles and requirementsfor the• Safety• Serviceability• Durabilityof structures; and describes• The basis for their design and verification, and• Gives guidelines for related aspects ofstructural reliability

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 17SCOPE(1) EN 1990 establishes Principles and requirements for the safety,serviceability and durability of structures, describes the basis fortheir design and verification and gives guidelines for relatedaspects of structural reliability.(2) EN 1990 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991 to EN1999 for the structural design of buildings and civil engineeringworks, including geotechnical aspects, structural fire design,situations involving earthquakes, execution and temporarystructures. NOTE For the design of special construction works(e.g.nuclear installations, dams, etc.), other provisions than those inEN 1990 to EN 1999 might be necessary.(3) EN 1990 is applicable for the design of structures where othermaterials or other actions outside the scope of EN 1991 to EN 1999are involved.(4) EN 1990 is applicable for the structural appraisal of existingconstruction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations orin assessing changes of use. NOTE Additional or amendedprovisions might be necessary where appropriate.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 – EUROCODE : BASIS OF STRUCTURALDESIGNDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 181.3 Assumptions(1) Design which employs the Principles and ApplicationRules is deemed to meet the requirements provided theassumptions given in EN 1990 to EN 1999 are satisfied(2) The general assumptions of EN 1990 are :- the choice of the structural system and the design of thestructure is made by appropriately qualified andexperienced personnel;- execution is carried out by personnel having theappropriate skill and experience;- adequate supervision and quality control is provided indesign offices and during execution of the work, i.e.,factories, plants, and on site;

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 – EUROCODE : BASIS OF STRUCTURALDESIGNDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 191.3 Assumptions (cont.)- the construction materials and products are used asspecified in EN 1990 or in EN 1991 to EN 1999 or in therelevant execution standards, or reference material orproduct specifications;- the structure will be adequately maintained;-the structure will be used in accordance with the designassumptions.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 20EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNTHE REQUIREMENTS IN EN 1990• Fundamental requirements (safety;serviceability; robustness and fire)• Reliability differentiation• Design working life• Durability• Quality Assurance

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 21The fundamental requirements inEN 1990 for the reliability ofconstruction works include :Structural safety: A structure shall bedesigned and executed in such a way that itwill, during its intended life with appropriatedegrees of reliability, and in an economicway sustain all actions likely to occurduring execution and use. Safety of people,the structure and contents.Serviceability: A structure shall bedesigned and executed in such a way that itwill, during its intended life with appropriatedegrees of reliability and in an economicway remain fit for the use for which it isrequired. Functioning, comfort andappearance of the structure

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 22The fundamentalrequirements in EN 1990 forthe reliability of constructionworks include :Robustness: A structureshall be designed and executedin such a way that it will not bedamaged by events such as• Explosions• Impact and• Consequences of humanerrorsExplosion atRonan Point1968to an extent disproportionate tothe original causeNote: The events to be takeninto account are those agreedfor an individual project withthe client and the relevantauthority

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 23EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNTHE REQUIREMENTS IN EN 1990• Fundamental requirements (safety;serviceability; robustness and fire)• Reliability differentiation• Design working life• Durability• Quality Assurance

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 24EN 1990: EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNReliability DifferentiationThe choice of the levels of reliability for a particularstructure should take account of the relevant factors,including :• the possible cause and /or mode of attaining a limit state;• the possible consequences of failure in terms of risk to life,injury, potential economical losses;• public perception of failure;• the expense and procedures necessary to reduce the risk offailure.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 25EN 1990: DEFINITION OF CONSEQUENCE CLASSESConsequenceClassDescriptionExamples of buildings andcivil engineering worksCC3CC2High consequence for loss of human life,or economic, social or environmentalconsequences very greatMedium consequence for loss of humanlife, economic, social or environmentalconsequences considerableGrandstands, bridges, publicbuildings whereconsequences of failure arehigh (e.g. a concert hall)Residential and officebuildings, public buildingswhere consequences offailure are medium (e.g. anoffice building)CC1Low consequence for loss of human life,and economic, social or environmentalconsequences small or negligibleAgricultural buildings wherepeople do not normally enter(e.g. for storage),greenhouses

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 26EN 1990: TOOLS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OFSTRUCTURAL RELIABILITYDepending upon the consequences of failure, the maintools selected in EN1990 Annex B (Informative) for themanagement of structural reliability of construction worksare:• differentiation by β (reliability index) values; at thisstage, this is a specialist activity;• modification of partial factors;• design supervision differentiation;• inspection during execution

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 27EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNTHE REQUIREMENTS IN EN 1990• Fundamental requirements (safety;serviceability; robustness and fire)• Reliability differentiation• Design working life• Durability• Quality Assurance

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 28The requirement for designworking life states :The design working life is theassumed period for which astructure is to be used for itsintended purpose with anticipatedmaintenance but without majorrepair being necessarya design working life of• 50 years for buildings• 100 years for bridges andis recommended in EN 1990.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 29EN 1990 – INDICATIVE DESIGN WORKING LIFEDesignworking lifecategorydesign workingIndicative life(years)Examples1 10 Temporary structures (1)2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantrygirders, bearings3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures4 50 Building structures and other commonstructures, not listed elsewhere in this table5 100 Monumental building structures, highway andrailway bridges, and other civil engineeringstructures(1) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with a view ofbeing re-used should not be considered as temporary

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 30EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNTHE REQUIREMENTS IN EN 1990• Fundamental requirements (safety;serviceability; robustness and fire)• Reliability differentiation• Design working life• Durability• Quality Assurance

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 31ULTIMATE LIMIT-STATE :• the safety of thestructure• the safety of people• In specialcircumstances theprotection of thecontents• loss of equilibrium of the structure orany part of it, considered as a rigidbody• failure by excessive deformation,transformation of the structure or anypart of it into a mechanism, rupture,loss of stability of the structure or anypart of it, including supports andfoundations• failure caused by fatigue or othertime-dependent effectsSERVICEABILITY LIMIT-STATE• Functioning of the structure or structuralmembers under normal use,• comfort of people,• appearance of construction works

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 32EN 1990: EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNDesign SituationsDesign situations are classified in EN 1990 as follows:• persistent design situations, which refer to the conditions ofnormal use• accidental design situations, which refer to exceptionalconditions applicable to the structure or to its exposure, e.g. tofire, explosion, impact or the consequences of localised failure• seismic design situations, which refer to conditions applicableto the structure when subjected to seismic events• transient design situations which refer to temporary conditionsapplicable to the structure, e.g. during execution or repair

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 33EN1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNVerifications of static equilibrium and resistanceIndividual verifications are performedUltimate limit states of static equilibrium (EQU):E d,dst≤ E d,stbUltimate limit states of resistance (STR/GEO):E d ≤ R d

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 34EN1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURALDESIGNUltimate limit states

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 35EN1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURALDESIGNUltimate limit states of STR/GEO - Fundamental combinationfor persistent and transient design situations∑Expression (6.10)∑γG , jGk, j"+ " γPP"+ " γQ ,1Qk,1"+ "j≥ 1 i>1⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩Expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b)∑j≥1∑j≥1γξG,jjγGG,jk , jG" + " γk , j0,85 ≤ ξ ≤ 1,00P" + " γP"+ "P∑i≥1P"+ " γγQ,iQ,1ψQ0, ik ,1Qk , i" + "γ∑i>1Q , iγψQ,i0, iψQ0, ik , iQk , i

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 36E d ≤ R dApplying Equation 6.10 from EN1990:E d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 37DesigneffectE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 38DesigneffectE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }Effect of

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 39DesigneffectPermanentactionsE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }Effect of

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 40DesigneffectPermanentactionsE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }Effect ofCombinedwith

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 41DesigneffectPermanentactionsE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }Effect ofPrestressCombinedwith

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 42DesigneffectPermanentactionsLeadingvariableactionE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }Effect ofPrestressCombinedwith

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification (Persistent and TransientDesign Situation)Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 43DesigneffectPermanentactionsLeadingvariableactionE d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }Effect ofCombinedwithPrestressAccompanyingvariableactions

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1990 - ULS Verification -Where do parameters come fromDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 44EN1990Annex A (i.e. A1 or A2)E d = E { Σ j≥1 γ G,j G k,j “+” γ p P “+” γ Q,1 Q k,1 “+” Σ i>1 γ Q,i ψ 0,i Q k,i }EN1992-EN1997may giverulesDefined inrelevantEurocodeEN1991(EN1997)

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 45Annex A –Normative- of EN 1990gives the partial factors and psi factors for use inbuildings and bridgesAnnex A1 Buildings andA2 Bridges (introduced by amendment no 1)Of course such vital information as the partialfactors for loads appears in the form of symbols,with recommended values.Each Country has to choose these factors as NDPs.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 46EN1990 - EUROCODE : BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNAccidental design situations : expression 6.11b∑∑Gk, j"+ " P"+ " Ad" + "( ψ1,1orψ2,1)Qk,1"+ "j≥ 1 i>1ψ2, iQk , iSeismic design situations : expression 6.12b∑G " + " P"+ " A " + ",∑k jEdj≥ 1 i>1ψ2, iQk,i

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 47Serviceability limit statesIt shall be verified that :where :EN1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OFSTRUCTURAL DESIGNE d≤ C d(6.13)C d is the limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterionE dis the design value of the effects of actions specified in theserviceability criterion, determined on the basis of the relevantcombination

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 48EN1990 : BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGNServiceability limit states : combinations of actionsCharacteristic Combination (irreversible SLS)∑Frequent Combination (reversible SLS)Quasi-permanent Combination (reversible SLS)∑Gk, j"+ " P"+ " Qk,1"+ "j≥ 1 i>1∑ψ∑Gk, j"+ " P"+ " ψ1,1Qk,1"+ "j≥ 1 i>1∑∑Gk, j"+ " P"+ "j≥1 i≥1ψ2, i0, iQψQ2, ik , ik , iQk , i

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 49EUROCODE 1991Actions

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 50EN 1991 Actions on StructuresPart 1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loadsPart 1-2 Actions on structures exposed to firePart 1-3 Snow LoadsPart 1-4 Wind actionsPart 1-5 Thermal actionsPart 1-6 Actions during executionPart 1-7 Accidental actionsPart 2 Traffic loads on bridgesPart 3 Actions induced by cranes and machineryPart 4 Actions in silos and tanks

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 51EN 1991 Actions on StructuresPart 1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loadsPart 1-2 Actions on structures exposed to firePart 1-3 Snow LoadsPart 1-4 Wind actionsPart 1-5 Thermal actionsPart 1-6 Actions during executionPart 1-7 Accidental actionsPart 2 Traffic loads on bridgesPart3 Actions induced by cranes and machineryPart4 Actions in silos and tanks

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 52EN 1991 Actions on StructuresPart 1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loadsPart 1-2 Actions on structures exposed to firePart 1-3 Snow LoadsPart 1-4 Wind actionsPart 1-5 Thermal actionsPart 1-6 Actions during executionPart 1-7 Accidental actionsPart 2 Traffic loads on bridgesPart3 Actions induced by cranes and machineryPart4 Actions in silos and tanks

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 53EUROCODE 1991Most Parts of the Series of Codes onActions are frameworksAlmost all values will have to bedetermined Nationally

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: ContentsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 54ForewordSection 1 GeneralSection 2 Classification Of ActionsSection 3 Design SituationsSection 4 Densities Of Construction And StoredMaterialsSection 5 Self-weight Of Construction WorksSection 6 Imposed Loads On BuildingsAnnex A (Informative) Tables For Nominal DensityOf Construction Materials, And Nominal DensityAnd Angles Of Repose For Stored MaterialsAnnex B (Informative) Vehicle Barriers AndParapets For Car ParksN.B. imposed loads due to occupancy andmaintenance are given only in EN 1991-1-1(unlike BS6399 Part 3). Snow Loads on roofs aregiven in BS EN 1991-1-3

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Classification of ActionsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 55Self-weight of construction works:generally a Permanent Fixed action,If Free (e.g. moveable partitions) then treatas an additional imposed load.Ballast and earth loads on roofs/terraces:Permanent with variations in properties(moisture content, depth) during thedesign life being taken into account.If Variable with time then represented byupper and lower characteristic values,and

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Classification of ActionsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 56Imposed loads on buildings:generally Variable Fixed or Variable Free actionsImposed loads generally quasi-static and allow for smalldynamic effects in static structures. When dynamicresponse possible, a dynamic analysis isrecommended as per the National AnnexActions causing significant acceleration of structuralmembers are classified as dynamic and need to beconsidered via a dynamic analysisFor fork-lift trucks and helicopters additional inertialloads from hoisting and take-off/landing areaccounted for through a dynamic magnification factorapplied to appropriate static load values

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Densities of construction and storedmaterialsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 57Characteristic values of densities ofconstruction and stored materials shouldgenerally be used in the expressions forcombination of actions.Where only mean values available, theyshould be taken as characteristic valuesin the design. Mean values for a largenumber of different materials are given inEN 1991-1-1 Annex A.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction worksDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 58Self-weight is generally represented by a singlecharacteristic value calculated from nominaldimensions, characteristic values of densitiesand including, where appropriate, ancillaryelements, e.g. non-structural elements and fixedservices, weight of earth and ballast.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildingsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 59Characteristic values of loads for floors androofs for the following types of occupancy anduse:residential, social, commercial and administrationareasgarage and vehicle trafficareas for storage and industrial activitiesroofshelicopter landing areasbarriers and walls having the function of barriers.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildingsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 60Loads arise due to occupancy and the values given in EN 1991-1-1account fornormal use by personsfurniture and moveable objects,vehiclesrare events such as concentrations of people and furniture duringtimes of re-organisation and refurbishmentFloor and roof areas in buildings are sub-divided into 11 categoriesaccording to use; loads specified are represented by uniformlydistributed loads (UDL), concentrated loads, line loads orcombinations thereof.Heavy equipment such as may be found in communal kitchens orboiler rooms are specifically excluded from EN 1991-1-1. Need to beagreed with the Client and the relevant Authority for specificprojects.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildingsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 61Table 6.1 – Categories of useCategory Specific use ExampleA Areas for domestic andresidential activitiesRooms in residential buildings and houses;bedrooms and wards in hospitals;bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.Table 6.1 – Categories of useCategory Specific use ExampleA Areas for domestic congregate and Rooms in (with residential the buildings and houses;residential activitiesexceptionbedroomsofandareaswards indefinedhospitals;bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.under category A, B andB Office areasCB Office areasCAreas where people maycongregate (with theexception of areas definedunder category A, B andD 1) )C1: Areas with tables, etce.g. areas in schools, cafes, restaurants, dining halls, readingrooms, receptionsC2: Areas with fixed seats,e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms.C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas inmuseums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in public andadministration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourtsC4:Areas with possible physical activities,e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages .D Shopping areas D1: Areas in general retail shopsC5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for publicevents like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces andaccess areas and railway platforms.D2: Areas in department stores.1) Attention is drawn to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C4 and C5. See EN 1990 when dynamic effects need to beconsidered. For Category E, see Table 6.3NOTE 1. Depending on their anticipated uses, areas likely to be categorised as C2, C3, C4 may becategorised as C5 by decision of the client and/or National annex.NOTE 2. The National annex may provide sub categories to A, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2NOTE 3. See 6.3.2 for storage or industrial activityAreas where people mayD 1) )C1: Areas with tables, etce.g. areas in schools, cafes, restaurants, dining halls, readingrooms, receptionsC2: Areas with fixed seats,e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms.C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas inmuseums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in public andadministration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourtsC4:Areas with possible physical activities,e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages .D Shopping areas D1: Areas in general retail shopsC5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for publicevents like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces andaccess areas and railway platforms.D2: Areas in department stores.1) Attention is drawn to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C4 and C5. See EN 1990 when dynamic effects need to beconsidered. For Category E, see Table 6.3NOTE 1. Depending on their anticipated uses, areas likely to be categorised as C2, C3, C4 may becategorised as C5 by decision of the client and/or National annex.NOTE 2. The National annex may provide sub categories to A, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2NOTE 3. See 6.3.2 for storage or industrial activity

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsImposed loads on buildings – Loads for floors etcDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 62Table 6.2 – Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildingsCategories of loaded areasq k[kN/m 2 ]Category A- Floors- Stairs- Balconies1,5 to 2,02,0 to 4,02,5 to 4,0Q k[kN]2,0 to 3,02,0 to 4,02,0 to 3,0Category BCategory C- C1- C2- C3- C4- C52,0 to 3,02,0 to 3,03,0 to 4,03,0 to 5,04,5 to 5,05,0 to 7,51, 5 to 4,53,0 to 4,02,5 to 7,0 (4,0)4,0 to 7,03,5 to 7,03,5 to 4,5Category D-D1-D24,0 to 5,04,0 to 5,03,5 to 7,0 (4,0)3,5 to 7,0NOTE: Where a range is given in this table, the value may be set by the National annex. Therecommended values, intended for separate application, are underlined. q k is intended for thedetermination of general effects and Q k for local effects. The National annex may define differentconditions of use of this Table.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsLoad arrangements EN 1990 & EN 1991-1-1Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 63Mid span bending moment of a floor structureChess board arrangement Simplification in EN 1991-1-1

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildingsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 64Main Categories of UseResidential, social, commercial and administrationareas- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)Areas for storage and industrial activities- 2 categories (E1 and E2)Garages and vehicle traffic (excluding bridges)- 2 categories (F and G)Roofs- 3 categories (H, I and K)

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildingsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 65RoofsCategory H – Accessible for normal maintenanceand repair onlyCategory I – Accessible with occupancy accordingto categories A to GCategory K – Accessible for special services e.g.helicopter landing areas

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.1 - Constructionmaterials-concrete and mortarDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 66concrete (see EN 206)lightweightdensity class LC 1,0density class LC 1,2density class LC 1,4density class LC 1,6density class LC 1,8density class LC 2,0normal weightheavy weightmortarcement mortargypsum mortarlime-cement mortarlime mortarMaterialsDensityγ[kN/m 3 ]9,0 to 10,0 1)2)10,0 to 12,0 1)2)12,0 to 14,0 1)2)14,0 to 16,0 1)2)16,0 to 18,0 1)2)18,0 to 20,0 1)2)24,0 1)2)> 1)2)19,0 to 23,012,0 to 18,018,0 to 20,012,0 to 18,01)Increase by 1kN/m 3 for normal percentage of reinforcing and pre-stressing steel2)Increase by 1kN/m 3 for unhardened concreteNOTE See Section 4

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.12 - Stored products -industrial and generalDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 67Productsbooks and documentsbooks and documents,densely storedfiling racks and cabinetsgarments and rags, bundledice, lumpsleather, piledpaperin rollspiledrubberrock saltsaltsawdustdry, baggeddry, loosewet, loosetar, bitumenNOTE See Section 4.Densityγ[kN/m 3 ]6,08,56,011,08,510,015,011,010,0 to 17,022,012,03,02,55,014,0Angleof reposeφ[°]----------4540-4545-

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-3 – Field of applicationDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 68EN 1991-1-3 provides guidance for thedetermination of the snow load to be used forthe structural design of buildings and civil worksfor sites at altitudes under 1500m.

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-3 – Field of applicationDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 69EN 1991-1-3 does not give guidance on specialistaspects of snow loading, for example:“impact snow loads” resulting from snow sliding off orfalling from a higher roof;the additional wind loads which could result from changesin shape or size of the building structure due to thepresence of snow or the accretion of ice;loads in areas where snow is present all the year;ice loading;lateral loading due to snow (e.g. lateral loads exerted bydrifts).

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-3 - ContentsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 70ForewordSection 1: GeneralSection 2: Classification of actionsSection 3: Design situationsSection 4: Snow load on the groundSection 5: Snow load on roofsSection 6: Local effectsANNEX A: Design situations and load arrangements tobe used for different locationsANNEX B: Snow load shape coefficients for exceptionalsnow driftsANNEX C: European Ground Snow Load MapsANNEX D: Adjustment of the ground snow loadaccording to return periodANNEX E: Bulk weight density of snow

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-3 – Determination of Imposed roof snowloadsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 71Characteristic ground snow loads• Ground snow load map• Altitude functionCoefficients• Shape coefficient – Roof shape• Exposure coefficient – Topography• Thermal coefficient – Thermal transmittance of roofing material

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEC funded European snow research programme fordevelopment of EN 1991-1-3Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 72Characteristic Snow Loads on the GroundDevelopment of a Ground Snow Load Map for EuropeThere were inconsistencies at borders between existingnational mapsThe research developed a consistent approachProduced regional maps. These are given in Annex C ofEN 1991-1-3• Snow load with Altitude relationship• Zone numbers & altitude function• Geographical boundaries

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsGround Snow load map European ClimaticRegions: Member States presently coveredDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 73Proposal being prepared to extend map to cover thewhole of Europe

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsUndriftedSnow load on roofsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 74

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDrifted Snow on RoofDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 75With wind speeds in the range of 4 to 5 m/s, much of thesnow is deposited in areas of ’aerodynamic shade’DRIFTED SNOW LOAD ARRANGEMENTAerodynamicshadewind windModel in wind tunnelwind velocity of 4m/s

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsBackground to EN1991-1-4Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 76Wind speed is measuredand modelled differentlythroughout EuropeDifferent wind climates inEurope?

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsMajor areas of disagreement - National ChoiceDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 77Impossible to get consensus on all parts of EN1991-1-4There are 47 clauses or Notes where a recommendedprocedure is given but where National Choice is allowed,plus six informative annexesIt is expected that Member States will adopt therecommended procedures in most cases, except whereissues of safety or economy arise

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN1991-1-4: - Contents ListDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 78Section 1 GeneralSection 2 Design situationsSection 3 Modelling of wind actionsSection 4 Wind velocity and velocity pressureSection 5 Wind actionsSection 6 Structural factor c s c dSection 7 Pressure and force coefficientsSection 8 Wind actions on bridgesAnnex A (informative) Terrain effectsAnnex B (informative) Procedure 1 for structural factor c s c dAnnex C (informative) Procedure 2 for structural factor c s c dAnnex D (informative) Graphs of c s c d for common buildingformsAnnex E (informative) Vortex shedding & aeroelasticinstabilitiesAnnex F (informative) Dynamic characteristics ofstructures

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsSection 3 - Modelling of wind actionsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 79Description of wind actions (internal pressures,external pressures, forces and friction forces,dynamic response)Classification of wind action as variable fixedactionsDefinition of characteristic values

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsSection 4: Wind velocity and velocity pressureDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 80Basic wind velocity v b = c dir c season v b,0 c probwherev b,0 = 10 minute mean velocity at 10m above ground (z 0 = 0.05) (tc II)c dir = directional factorc season = seasonal factorc prob = probability factorNational choiceallowedMean wind velocityv m (z) = c r (z) c o (z) v bwhere c r (z) = roughness factor = k r ln(z/z o )k r = terrain factor depending on z oc 0 (z) = orography (i.e. topography) factor

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsWind Pressure and Pressure CoefficientsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 81External wind pressurewe=cpe⋅q(z)w ep eexternal pressure coefficient)Internal wind pressurewi=cpi⋅ q(zwp iiinternal pressure coefficientc pe depends on thesizeof the consideredelement

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsEN 1991-1-7: Accidental Actions: ContentsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 82ForewordSection 1 GeneralSection 2 Classification of actionsSection 3 Design situationsSection 4 ImpactSection 5 Internal ExplosionsAnnex A (Informative) Design for Consequences ofLocalised Failure in a building Structure from anUnspecified CauseAnnex B (Informative) Information on RiskAssessmentAnnex C (Informative) Dynamic design for impactAnnex D (Informative) Internal explosions

Professor Haig GulvanessianExamplesofaccidentalactions andsituationsEUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 83

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 84Vehicle Impacts

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 85Potters MarstonExperimentRecorded pressure 22.7kN/m²

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsLimits of admissible damageDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 86(A) is :- 15% of the floorarea or- 100m 2 whicheveris the smaller, ineach of twoadjacent storeysa) is the planb) is the elevation(B) : Notionalcolumns to beremoved

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsDissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 87Necessarily a very short overview of theEurocodesEN 1990EN 1991 Part -1-1Part -1-3Part -1-4Part -1-7Hopefully has set the scene for the detailedexplanations about EN 1996 itself

EUROCODE 6Background and applicationsIMS Guide on EN 1996-1-1 and -2Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 88Eurocode for Masonry, EN 1996-1-1 andEN 1996-2:Guidance and worked examplesPurchase from IMS£35.00 for members of IMS£45.00 for non-membersSPECIAL PRICE FOR CONFERENCE 40€88