Commercial Fishery Impact on the Modern Black Sea Ecosystem: a ...

78 V. N. Eremeev and G. V. Zuyev / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 7: 75-82 (2007)Table 1. Species composition of the Black Sea landings in the end of 1960s - beginning of 1970-s and in 1988s (%) (Ivanovand Beverton, 1985; FAO yearbook, 2004)Species1960 - 1970ss 1988sThousand tonnes % Thousand tonnes %Anchovy 53.6* 67.7*Sprat 1.6* 69.88.6*93.4Horse mackerel 12.5* 12.6*Whiting 2.1*4.5*Atlantic bonito 16.1 1.7Mackerel 1.2 1.5Bluefish 3.2 30.21.26.6Shad 0.8 0.2Turbot 2.0 0.2Picked dogfish 1.5 0.7Thornback ray 0.9 0.2Mugils 2.6 0.3Red mullet 1.7 0.5Sturgeons 0.2~ 0.01Total 182.8 100 783.8 100* Small short cycle fish speciesAnother proof of the Black Sea fish overexploitationevidences the decrease of anchovy of midsize and mid age in the end of 1980s testifyingthereby “rejuvenation” of the population. On thecontrary, weakening of fishing pressure on itspopulation in the following years challenged a reverseeffect, namely, the size- age structure rehabilitationand its catch increase (Figure 5). Thus drastic fall oftotal catches in 1989s might have been predictedbeforehand and only the emergence of two highlyproductive generations of horse mackerel in 1983sand 1984s arrested it for some years.In addition, the imbalance in a “stock and catch”relationship in 1980s is exhibited in peculiarities ofthe long-term “stock and catch” dynamics indices. Asit is seen in the figure, the catch curve is equal in formto that of the stock retarding for 4-5 years (Figure 6).Thus the peak for the stock in 1979s wasaccompanied by peak for the catch in 1984s,minimum of the stock in 1983s was attended with thatof the catch in 1987s. And again the peak for thestock in 1984s was followed by the catch peak in1988s. It could hardly be regarded as incidentalcoincidence. Present temporal intervals correspond tothe life span of one generation of the maincommercial species - anchovy and horse mackerelconstituted in the end of 1970s more than 75% of totallandings. Correlation coefficient value between stockwithin 1979-1987ss and catch within 1983-1991sswas equal to 0.748 (p < 0.02). In this connection, theposition of a number of scientists holding to the ideaof “the fatal” role of Mnemiopsis leidyi in sharpdecline of Black Sea catches doesn’t seem to be ratherconvincing.Phenomenon of Mnemiopsis “outburst” attainingits high point in 1989s suggests the directconsequence of biomass decrease in small fishplanktophagous (anchovy, horse mackerel and others)resulted from overfishing (Figure 7). Only due tosmall numbers of these fish, Mnemiopsis leidyi turnedout to be competitive to these planktophagous in agiven ecological niche. In 1988s as compared to1979s, the commercial fish stocks reduced more thanone and a half-fold: from 2200 thousand tonnes to1400 thousand tonnes. Finally, the ecological nicheoccupied by fish planktophagous appeared to bepartly empty and correspondingly, according to thegeneral ecological rule “nature abhoret vacuum”,was occupied by Mnemiopsis.Along with Mnemiopsis, the crucial role instructural and functional alterations of the ecosystemin the north-west of the Black Sea played theextensive commercial bottom sprat trawlingscommenced in 1970s of the 20th century. Since 1979still 1986s, more than 120 thousand operations wereperformed in the NW shelf of the Black Sea. Ascompared to the previous period, the volume of spratcatch appeared to be increased as much as 15-20times during some years. Bottom trawling affecteddirectly the sea ecosystem by mechanic destruction ofbottom biotops by trawlboard and low headline,respectively damaging or completely destroyingbenthic communities.Much more deleterious influence on theecosystem was exerted by bottom sediments (peliticfractions) raised into the pelagic layer. It inducedsecondary eutrophication and water pollution, declineof its transparency, depression of photosynthesisprocesses. However, the main negative factor ofbottom trawlings was recognized silting of vastbottom areas. Thus pelitic particles from TarkhancutCape of the Crimea peninsula spread with the currentfor the distance of 150-200 km (Figure 8). Totally,more than 5 thousand square km of the shelf weresilted as an outcome: at larger parts, the silt layerthickness varied from 2 till 5 cm, attaining up to 40-50 cm in spots. In a period of 1976-1984ss, some siltdepositions raised into the water layer constituting

V. N. Eremeev and G. V. Zuyev / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 7: 75-82 (2007) 7914132- 350- 300Length, cm1210861- 250- 200- 150- 100Catch, thous. tonns41987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95YearsFigure 5. Dynamics of size composition in the Black Sea anchovy in 1987 - 1993ss (1 - mid length cm, 2 - catch, thous. ts.)(Gucu, 1997).25002000R 2 = 0.559p < > 0.0212001000Stock thous. ts1500100054412800600Catch thous. ts50040001970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000YearsFigure 6. Dynamics of stock and catch in the Black Sea in 1970 - 2004s (1- stock, 2 - catch); 4, 4, 5 - explaination in thetext.20025001200Stock thous. ts.2000150010005003121050900750600450300Catch thous. ts.01970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003YearsFigure 7. Dynamics of stock and fish catch in the Black Sea in 1970 – 2004ss. and Mnemiopsis biomass in 1988 – 1996 ss(1- stock, 2 - catch, 3 - Mnemiopsis ) (Prodanov et al., 1997, Bilio and Niermann, 2004).150

82 V. N. Eremeev and G. V. Zuyev / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 7: 75-82 (2007)Eremeev, V.N. and Zuev, G.V. 2005. Fish resources of theBlack Sea: long-term dynamics, regime ofexploitation and perspectives of management. Marineecological journal, 4(2): 5-21 (in Russian).FAO 2004. FAO yearbook: <strong>Fishery</strong> Statistics. Captureproduction, vol. 98/1.Grishin, A.N., Kovalenko., L.A. and Sorokolit, L.K. 1994.Trophic relations in plankton communities of theBlack Sea before and after Mnemiopsis leidyi (A.Agassiz) invasion. Proceedings of YugNIRO, 40: 38-44 (in Russian).Gubanov, E.P. 2005. Technogenic influence on the BlackSea ecosystem and its consequences. Rybnoekhozyaistvo Ukrainy, 3/4: 14-18 (in Russian).Gubanov, E.P. and Serobaba, I.I. 2005. The state of theecosystem and rational utilization of living resourcesin the Azov-Black Sea basin. Rybnoe khozyaistvoUkrainy, 1: 8-12 (in Russian).Gucü, A.C. 1997. Role of fishing in the Black Seaecosystem sensitivity to changes: Black Sea, BalticSea and North Sea. The Netherlands: 149-162.Gucü, A.C. 2002. Can overfishing be responsible for thesuccessful establishment of Mnemiopsis leidyi in theBlack Sea Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54:439-451.Ivanov, L. and Beverton, R. 1985. The Fisheries Resourcesof the Mediterranean. Part two: Black Sea. Stud. Rev.FAO, 60: Roma, 135 pр.Kideys, A.E., Kovalev, A.V., Shulman, G., Gordina, A.D.and Bingel, F. 2000. A review of zooplanktoninvestigations of the Black Sea over the last decade. J.Mar. Syst., 24: 355-371.Moiseev, P.A. 1969. Biological Resources of the WorldOcean. Pischevaya Promyshlennost, Moscow, 338 pp.(in Russian).Niermann, U., Kideys, A.E., Kovalev, A.V., Melnikov, V.and Belokopytov, V. 1999. Fluctiation of pelagicspecies of the open Black Sea during 1980-1995 andpossible teleconnections. Environmental degradationof the Black Sea: challenges and remedies. -KluwerAcademic Publisher, Dordrecht: 147-173.Prodanov, K., Mikhailov, K., Daskalov, G., Maxim, C.,Chashchin, A., Arkhipov, A., Shlyakhov, V.,Özdamar, E. 1997. Environmental Management ofFish Resources in the Black Sea and Their RationalExploitation. General Fisheries Council for theMediterranean, Studies and Reviews, No: 68.. Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Roma, 178 pp.Rass, T.S. 1992. Fish resources of the Black Sea and theiralterations. Oceanology, 32(2): 293-302 (in Russian).Rass, T.S. 2001. The Black Sea region and its productivity.Journal of Ichthyology, 41(6): 742-749 (in Russian).Samyshev, E.Z., Rubinshtein, I.G., Zolotarev, P.N. andLitvinenko, N.M. 1986. Variation in the structure ofthe Black Sea benthos under anthropogenic effects.Anthropogenic influences on the coastal marineecosystems. VNIRO, Moscow: 52-71 (in Russian)Shiganova, T.A. 1997 Mnemiopsis leidyi abundance in theBlack Sea and its impact on the pelagic community.Sensitivity to Changes: Black Sea, Baltic Sea andNorth Sea. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht:117-131.Zaitsev, U.P., Phesunov, O.E. and Sinegub, I.A. 1999. Theinfluence of bottom trawling fishery on the ecosystemof the Black Sea shelf. Reports of Academy ofScience, 3: 156-158 (in Russian).Zuev, G.V, Gutsal, D.K., Melnikova, E.B., 2004. The BlackSea sprat: myths and reality. Rybnoe KhozyaistvoUkrainy, 31(2): 12-14 (in Russian).