Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

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Table 4. Correlation scored motivation by Instructor or Test Leader and HR peakCorrelation scored motivation by INS or TL and HR peakGXT1 GXT2 SMBTscoreINS –HR peakscore score INS –TL –HR peakHR peakscore TL –HR peakscore InS –HR peakscore TL –HR peakSpearmanrho0.18p=0.37n=260.48p=0.01n=260.44p=0.02n=260.44p=0.03n=250.36p=0.11n=190.48p=0.03n=19Criticalvalue rhop=0.05;two-tailed0.390 0.390 0.390 0.398 0.460 0.460GXT: Graded Exercise Test; SMBT: Supra-Maximal Block Test; INS: Trained physical education instructor; TL: testleader; p: significance value; n: participantsAll but one participant (96%) needed encouragement during GXT1 or GXT2. Fourteen (54%)needed encouragement during both tests and eleven participants (42%) needed encouragementduring one test. Out of the total of fifty-two tests of GXT1 and GXT2, a lot of encouragement wasgiven during twelve tests and some encouragement was given during twenty-seven tests.Both GXT1 and GXT2 lasted 14 minutes (SD 3.8) on average, with a range of 4 to 22 minutes.Correlation between HR peakof GXT1 on the treadmill and HR peakof the over ground test waspoor and not significant (ICC=0.21; 95%CI -0.24–0.59). For the GXT2 the correlation was also poorand not significant (ICC=0.24; 95%CI -0.22–0.63).The HR peakfor GXT1 and GXT2 treadmill were significantly higher than the tests performed overground, as was expected.Correlation between the levels of GXT1 treadmill and aSRT1 over ground was moderate butsignificant (ICC=0.67; 95%CI = 0.18-0.87). Correlation between the levels achieved for the GXT2was moderate and also significant (ICC=0.73; 95% CI = 0.22-0.90). The wide confidence intervalsindicate diversity among the participants. The achieved levels show a significant differencebetween the treadmill and the over ground test for the GXT1 (Wilcoxon signed ranks, p=0.03) andthe GXT2 (Wilcoxon signed ranks, p=0.01).Estimated peak heart rateIn our sample the ICC for HR peakSMBT and the estimated HR peakwas poor (ICC=0.36; 95%CI -0.25–0.72). The t-statistic showed a significant difference (t=-4.6; p=0.001). Figure 4 shows a scatterplot of these findings. The equation seems to over-estimate HR peakfor people with SIMD. To adjustthe equation to be relevant to our sample a new constant β=0.88 was calculated.Chapter 5 | 81
190180HR supra-max test (beats/min)170160150140130120110110120130 140 150 160 170180190HRpeak calculated (beats/min)Figure 4 Scatter plot calculated HR peakand HR peakof supra-maximal block test (Pearson’s r=0.5; p≤0.05); t-statisticp=0.0001). The dotted line representing perfect correlation, line of identity and absolute agreement.DiscussionThis study investigated the feasibility, test-retest reliability and validity of the adapted ShuttleRun Test protocol performed on a treadmill (graded exercise test, GXT) for people with SIMD andGMFCS-I. The results indicate that the GXT protocol performed on the treadmill has sufficientfeasibility, based on the 80% criterion [28]. The test-retest reliability and validity of the GXTtreadmill were sufficient for the sample. Furthermore, the results show that the Fernhall equationpredicting HR peakconsistently overestimated the realized HR peak.High correlation (ICC=0.95; 95%CI 0.88–0.98) and good agreement (p=0.5) has beenshowed in this study between the GXT1 and GXT2 for HR peak, indicating good test-retest reliability.This is in line with the results Fernhall et al. found in a reliability study performed with mentallyretarded adults [33]. A SEM of 5 and an SDD of 6 with a small ES indicate that the marginfor error is 5 and hence only a difference of more than 6 beats/minute indicates a significantdifference. The results of the GXT1 and GXT2 are not significantly different and the ES are small.This confirms good test retest reliability.A measure for variability is the LOA. With a 19.4% of the mean HR peak, the LOA can be saidto be wide. A wide LOA points at a considerable variation at the individual level and may be dueto difficulties in motivation, behaviour or an inability to cope with stress, all of which are typicallyprevalent in people with SIMD [1, 3, 33].In order to check the validity of the test protocol, the HR peakSMBT was compared with the82 | Chapter 5
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Measuring physical fitnessin person
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
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Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
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overweight [15]. This prevalence is
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Theoretical framework of the studyI
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Components of physical fitnessThe a
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Therefore, a study is put forward w
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2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
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Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
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GMFCS was presented to the investig
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Body weightTo determine the body we
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Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
Page 32 and 33: Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
Page 34 and 35: DiscussionThe results of our study
Page 36 and 37: References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
Page 38 and 39: 37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
Page 42 and 43: IntroductionChildren and adults wit
Page 44 and 45: participants. These calculations as
Page 46 and 47: Data analysisThe data were analyzed
Page 48: Table 2. Simple regression analysis
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 4Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 56 and 57: IntroductionPeople with intellectua
Page 58 and 59: Eighty representatives gave permiss
Page 60 and 61: 3) The measurement procedure: The m
Page 62 and 63: and whether motivation influenced t
Page 64 and 65: Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
Page 66 and 67: AcknowledgementsThis research was f
Page 68 and 69: 21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
Page 72 and 73: IntroductionIntellectual disability
Page 74 and 75: Exclusion criteria were mental or p
Page 76 and 77: participant had fulfilled the task.
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
Page 84 and 85: preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
Page 86 and 87: References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
Page 88 and 89: 37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 92 and 93: IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
Page 94 and 95: this study was to evaluate the feas
Page 96 and 97: obtained from the legal representat
Page 98 and 99: Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
Page 100 and 101: Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
Page 102 and 103: References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
Page 104 and 105: 39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
Page 108 and 109: IntroductionPersons with profound i
Page 110 and 111: DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
Page 112 and 113: Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Summary of the statistical
Page 116 and 117: Table 6. Summary of the statistical
Page 118 and 119: RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
Page 120 and 121: 18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
Page 124 and 125: IntroductionIt is important to gain
Page 126 and 127: 48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
Page 128 and 129: Furthermore, the mean and the range
Page 130 and 131: Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
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Relation between heart rate pattern
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patterns in this study we can concl
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References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
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38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
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Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
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on this. To sum up, testing in pers
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for future research it is recommend
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studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
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of these individuals require more?
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19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179
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