Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

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and whether motivation influenced the test results, was the use of the Visual Analogue Scale [43,44]. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is an instrument on which an instructor could score thedegree of motivation on a 100-mm line with a stripe right-angled on the line. On one end of theline the maximum score was marked as ‘good motivation’ and on the other end was the minimumscore, ’bad motivation’. The number of millimetres between the stripe scored by the instructorand the minimum score, is the score on the VAS instrument. Two instructors scored the degree ofmotivation.Data analysisData were analysed using SPSS 14.0. Feasibility, test-retest reliability and motivation wereexamined as follows:FeasibilityTo assess feasibility, we compared the number of unsuccessful measurements with the totalnumber of measurements. The feasibility was considered to be sufficient when 95% of themeasurements were successful, which is strict, but only then it makes sense to use the test.Test-retest reliabilityFirst, to determine whether significant differences existed between the test and retest of the6MWD, aSRT, and peak heart rate, we compared the test and retest data using Wilcoxon signedrank tests. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.Limits of agreement (LOA) between the test and retest of the same variables were calculatedaccording to the procedure described by Bland and Altman (1986). The LOA is considered to bean indicator of test – retest reliability. LOAs are expressed in units and as a percentage of themean of the 1 st test. Tests were considered to be reliable when the LOA was 30 % of the meanof the 1 st test, or less, which is based on clinical experience of the professionals working with thetarget group and the measurements as suggested by Bland and Altman [45]. Finally, intraclasscorrelation coefficients (ICC, 2-way random, absolute agreement) of the test and retest of thesame three variables were computed. Reliability was considered acceptable when the ICC valuewas greater than .80 and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 0.30 or less.MotivationTo get insight into the influence of motivation on the test results, we first compared the registeredheart rate at the end of both tests with the estimated peak heart rate using Wilcoxon signed ranktests. We also compared the registered heart rate at the end of the 6MWD with the registeredheart rate at the end of the aSRT using Wilcoxon signed rank test. The level of statisticalsignificance was set at 0.05.Second, we calculated Spearman correlation coefficients for the number of aSRT stepsachieved and motivation VAS score and for the 6MWD distance achieved and motivation VASscore. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. To calculate the influence of motivationon the test results we estimated the quadrate of the correlation coefficients and multiplied it with100%. This is the variation which can be clarified with motivation [46]. The interrater reliability onthe VAS for the aSRT and for the 6MWD were estimated with Spearman correlation coefficients,the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.Chapter 4 | 61
ResultsFeasibilityAll 47 (100%) participants completed the tests successfully, and 45 (96%) of them also wore aheart rate monitor which produced valid data.Test-retest reliability for all measurementsTable 2. summarizes the results of the Wilcoxon signed rank test, the LOA, the LOA as apercentage of the mean, and ICC analyses. There were no significant differences between the testand retest results in the 6MWD and aSRT. The LOAs and the LOAs expressed as a percentage ofthe means were less than or equal to 30% for all measurements, except for the aSRT of GMFCS-IIparticipants. The ICCs were .80 or above. The LOA of the 6MWD was 115 m and that of the aSRTfor GMFCS-I participants was 2.8 steps.Table 2. Results of Wilcoxon ranking test, LOA, percentage LOA of mean, and ICC*Mean1(SD)Mean2 (SD)P valueWilcoxonLOA *LOA ofmean (%)ICC*95% CISRT stepsGMFCS I12(3.5)12(3.5)0.422 2*1.402323% 0.960.92-0.98SRT stepsGMFCS II6 (3) 7 (3) 0.363 2*2.443874% 0.820.54-0.936MWD distanceGMFCS I and II389(104)389(109)0.990 2*57.722130% 0.920.86-0.96Peak heart rateSRT125(20)125(19)0.587 2*14.34822% 0.840.60-0.91Peak heart rate6MWD117(26)119(17)0.907 2*21.06635% 0.840.71-0.91*LOA, Limits of Agreement, ICC, Intraclass correlation coefficient, CI, Confidence IntervalsMotivationTable 3. compares the mean peak heart rate achieved during both tests. The Wilcoxon signedrank test revealed a significant difference at p
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Measuring physical fitnessin person
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
Page 10 and 11:
Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
Page 12 and 13: overweight [15]. This prevalence is
Page 14 and 15: Theoretical framework of the studyI
Page 16 and 17: Components of physical fitnessThe a
Page 18 and 19: Therefore, a study is put forward w
Page 20 and 21: 2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 24 and 25: IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
Page 26 and 27: GMFCS was presented to the investig
Page 28 and 29: Body weightTo determine the body we
Page 30 and 31: Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
Page 32 and 33: Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
Page 34 and 35: DiscussionThe results of our study
Page 36 and 37: References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
Page 38 and 39: 37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
Page 42 and 43: IntroductionChildren and adults wit
Page 44 and 45: participants. These calculations as
Page 46 and 47: Data analysisThe data were analyzed
Page 48: Table 2. Simple regression analysis
Page 56 and 57: IntroductionPeople with intellectua
Page 58 and 59: Eighty representatives gave permiss
Page 60 and 61: 3) The measurement procedure: The m
Page 64 and 65: Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
Page 66 and 67: AcknowledgementsThis research was f
Page 68 and 69: 21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
Page 72 and 73: IntroductionIntellectual disability
Page 74 and 75: Exclusion criteria were mental or p
Page 76 and 77: participant had fulfilled the task.
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
Page 82 and 83: Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
Page 84 and 85: preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
Page 86 and 87: References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
Page 88 and 89: 37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
Page 92 and 93: IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
Page 94 and 95: this study was to evaluate the feas
Page 96 and 97: obtained from the legal representat
Page 98 and 99: Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
Page 100 and 101: Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
Page 102 and 103: References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
Page 104 and 105: 39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
Page 108 and 109: IntroductionPersons with profound i
Page 110 and 111: DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
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Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
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Table 3. Summary of the statistical
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Table 6. Summary of the statistical
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RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
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18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
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Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
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IntroductionIt is important to gain
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48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
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Furthermore, the mean and the range
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Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
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Relation between heart rate pattern
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patterns in this study we can concl
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References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
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38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
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Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
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on this. To sum up, testing in pers
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for future research it is recommend
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studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
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of these individuals require more?
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19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179
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