Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

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participants. These calculations assume a type I error (alpha) of 0.05, two-tailed, and a type IIerror (beta) of 20%; that is, a statistical power of 80%. The data were analyzed using SPSS 14.0.To determine whether significant differences between supine waist circumference andstanding waist circumference exist, we analyzed the differences using both a paired t-test andWilcoxon signed rank test. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were also used to get a better impression ofthe distribution of the data. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.Furthermore, limits of agreement (LOA) between supine and standing waist circumferencemeasurements were calculated according to the procedure described by Bland and Altman [24].Predicting standing waist circumferenceTo determine whether standing waist circumference can be predicted by using supine waistcircumference and to determine the influence of the covariates gender, age, BMI, or pastpregnancy, first we performed a simple linear regression analysis of standing waist circumferenceon each variable separately. Significance (p
54 persons6 persons lacked permission from representatives48 persons3 persons excluded for medical/behavioral reasons45 persons2 persons excluded at the time of the test43 personsFigure 1. Sampling scheme of subjects included in the reliability studyThe participants with PIMD were classified according to the Gross Motor Function ClassificationSystem (GMFCS) [25], a five-level system used to classify the severity of motor abilities in peoplewith physical disabilities. For example, persons having a Level I classification can generallywalk without restrictions but tend to be limited in some more advanced motor skills. Personswith a Level V classification generally have very limited mobility, even with the use of assistivetechnology. These persons always use a wheelchair.Ethical statementThis study was performed in agreement with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration, asrevised in 1975. Permission to carry out the study was obtained from the institutional ethicscommittee. Informed consent was obtained from representatives of the participants, because allparticipants were unable to give consent. The measurements were performed in accordance withthe behavioral code section entitled, “Resistance among people with an intellectual disability inthe framework of the Governing Medical-Scientific Research Involving Humans Act” [26]. This isa behavioral code for doctors to help them assess the resistance of people with an intellectualdisability. The code was drafted by the Dutch Society for Doctors in the Care of People with anIntellectual Disability (NVAZ). Consistent distress or unhappiness was interpreted as a sign of lackof assent, and further participation in the study was reconsidered.MeasurementsA non-stretchable tape measure (Seca 201 tape measure; Seca, Hamburg, Germany), accurateto the 0.1 cm level, was used to determine waist circumference. Waist circumference wasmeasured at the point located halfway between the crista iliaca and the tenth rib, whilethe disabled participants were in a supine position. We took two measurements, one as theparticipant breathed in and one as he/she breathed out. The average of these two values wasused for analysis. Three testers—a dietary therapist, a physical therapist, and a student—took themeasurements after appropriate training (three times).44 | Chapter 3
Page 2 and 3: Measuring physical fitnessin person
Page 4: Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
Page 12 and 13: overweight [15]. This prevalence is
Page 14 and 15: Theoretical framework of the studyI
Page 16 and 17: Components of physical fitnessThe a
Page 18 and 19: Therefore, a study is put forward w
Page 20 and 21: 2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 24 and 25: IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
Page 26 and 27: GMFCS was presented to the investig
Page 28 and 29: Body weightTo determine the body we
Page 30 and 31: Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
Page 32 and 33: Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
Page 34 and 35: DiscussionThe results of our study
Page 36 and 37: References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
Page 38 and 39: 37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
Page 42 and 43: IntroductionChildren and adults wit
Page 46 and 47: Data analysisThe data were analyzed
Page 48: Table 2. Simple regression analysis
Page 56 and 57: IntroductionPeople with intellectua
Page 58 and 59: Eighty representatives gave permiss
Page 60 and 61: 3) The measurement procedure: The m
Page 62 and 63: and whether motivation influenced t
Page 64 and 65: Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
Page 66 and 67: AcknowledgementsThis research was f
Page 68 and 69: 21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
Page 72 and 73: IntroductionIntellectual disability
Page 74 and 75: Exclusion criteria were mental or p
Page 76 and 77: participant had fulfilled the task.
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
Page 82 and 83: Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
Page 84 and 85: preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
Page 86 and 87: References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
Page 88 and 89: 37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
Page 92 and 93: IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
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this study was to evaluate the feas
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obtained from the legal representat
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
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References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
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39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
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Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
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IntroductionPersons with profound i
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DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
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Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
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Table 3. Summary of the statistical
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Table 6. Summary of the statistical
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RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
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18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
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Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
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IntroductionIt is important to gain
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48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
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Furthermore, the mean and the range
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Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
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Relation between heart rate pattern
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patterns in this study we can concl
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References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
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38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
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Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
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on this. To sum up, testing in pers
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for future research it is recommend
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studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
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of these individuals require more?
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19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179
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