Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Components of physical fitnessThe attributes of physical fitness can be defined differently for different target groups [U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] and therefore, physical fitness for persons withSPIMD needs to be described. Hilgenkamp et al. [42] stated that “physical fitness describeshow “fit” a person physically is to cope with the demands set by his or her environment” anddescribed physical fitness for older people with ID in a model (table 1) [U.S. Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention; 26, 41, 42].Based on this model, the required attributes of physical fitness for persons with SPIMD aredescribed by caregivers, professionals and scientists in the field of SPIMD. Coordination, reactiontime and muscle endurance are considered irrelevant attributes for individuals with such limitedcognitive and physical skills.Caregivers of persons with profound intellectual, visual and locomotor disabilities (profoundintellectual and multiple disabilities, PIMD) often describe the quality of daily movements interms of ‘flexibility’ or ‘stiffness’. Since muscular flexibility is one of the defined physical fitnesscomponents for persons with PIMD, muscle tonus or level of spasticity may be used as outcomemeasures to objectify the concepts of ‘flexibility’ and ‘stiffness’.Hence, the required attributes of physical fitness for persons with SPIMD are bodycomposition, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance, muscle strength and muscle flexibility (table 1).Table 1. Model of components of physical fitness for older persons with ID [U.S. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention; 26, 41, 42].Health-related physicalU.S. Centers forPhysical fitness ofPhysical fitness offitnessDisease Control andolder adults with IDpersons with PIMDBouchard et al. (1994)Prevention(Hilgenkamp et al.2010)MotorCoordinationCoordinationReaction timeReaction timeBalanceBalanceBalanceMuscularMuscular strengthMuscular strengthMuscular strengthMuscular enduranceMuscular enduranceFlexibilityFlexibilityFlexibilityCardiorespiratoryCardiorespiratoryfitnessCardiorespiratoryfitnessCardiorespiratoryfitnessMorphologicalBody compositionBody compositionMetabolicChapter 1 | 15
Aims and research questions of this thesisUntil present, the feasibility and reliability of physical fitness measurements and tests forparticipants with SPIMD are unknown. Consequently, knowledge of the physical fitness levelsand locomotor skills of persons with SPIMD is scarce. Yet, only with feasible and reliable teststhe evaluation of a specific training intervention aimed at promoting physical fitness can beobjectively established. The main aim of the research reported in this thesis is to examine thefeasibility, the validity and the reliability of physical fitness tests in individuals with SPIMD.This research addresses the following research questions:1 Are body composition measurements in participants with SIMD and GMFCS levels I and IIfeasible and reliable? If so, what are the outcomes of the body composition measurements inthese participants [chapter 2]?2 Are waist circumference measurements in participants with PIMD and GMFCS levels IV and Vvalid and reliable [chapter 3]?3 Are the 6 Minute Walking Distance (6MWD) and the adapted Shuttle Run Test (aSRT) inpersons with SIMD and GMFCS levels I and II feasible and reliable [chapter 4]?4 Are the feasibility, validity and test-retest reliability of the adapted Shuttle Run Test (aSRT)protocol performed on a treadmill for persons with SIMD and GMFCS level I sufficient[chapter 5]?5 Is the modified Berg Balance Scale (mBBS) in persons with SIMD and GMFCS levels I and IIfeasible and reliable [chapter 6]?6 Are the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) in personswith PIMD and GMFCS levels IV and V feasible and reliable [chapter 7]?7 What is the level of physical activity of persons with PIMD based on heart rate patterns whencompared to ACSM guidelines of healthy physical activity? Differ heart rate patternsaccording to group differences, days, time of day and is it possible to establish adherentclassification in heart rate height and patterns? Is there a relation between heart ratepatterns and observed level of activity in persons with PIMD? What is the influence ofcovariates such as gender, age, and common co-morbidity (motor disabilities, spasticity andsensory disabilities) on heart rate patterns [chapter 8]?Outline of the thesisChapter 2 addresses the feasibility and the test-retest reliability of body composition measures inparticipants with SIMD. Anthropometric measurements are widely used to reliably quantify bodycomposition and to estimate risks of overweight in both healthy subjects as in patients. However,information about the reliability of anthropometric measurements in participants with severeintellectual and visual disabilities is lacking.Chapter 3 deals with the validity and reliability of measuring waist circumference in personswith PIMD. Waist circumference as an indicator of abdominal fat is an important predictor ofhealth risks. It is unknown whether waist circumference can be measured validly and reliablywhen a participant is in a supine position. This assumption however is a critical one wheninternational standards for healthy subjects are applied to persons with PIMD.Chapter 4 seeks to address the cardiorespiratory component of physical fitness.Cardiorespiratory fitness can be divided into functional exercise and aerobic capacity [26].16 | Chapter 1
Page 2 and 3: Measuring physical fitnessin person
Page 4: Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
Page 12 and 13: overweight [15]. This prevalence is
Page 14 and 15: Theoretical framework of the studyI
Page 18 and 19: Therefore, a study is put forward w
Page 20 and 21: 2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 24 and 25: IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
Page 26 and 27: GMFCS was presented to the investig
Page 28 and 29: Body weightTo determine the body we
Page 30 and 31: Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
Page 32 and 33: Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
Page 34 and 35: DiscussionThe results of our study
Page 36 and 37: References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
Page 38 and 39: 37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
Page 42 and 43: IntroductionChildren and adults wit
Page 44 and 45: participants. These calculations as
Page 46 and 47: Data analysisThe data were analyzed
Page 48: Table 2. Simple regression analysis
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 4Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 56 and 57: IntroductionPeople with intellectua
Page 58 and 59: Eighty representatives gave permiss
Page 60 and 61: 3) The measurement procedure: The m
Page 62 and 63: and whether motivation influenced t
Page 64 and 65: Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
Page 66 and 67:
AcknowledgementsThis research was f
Page 68 and 69:
21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
Page 72 and 73:
IntroductionIntellectual disability
Page 74 and 75:
Exclusion criteria were mental or p
Page 76 and 77:
participant had fulfilled the task.
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
Page 80 and 81:
Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
Page 82 and 83:
Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
Page 84 and 85:
preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
Page 86 and 87:
References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
Page 88 and 89:
37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 6Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 92 and 93:
IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
Page 94 and 95:
this study was to evaluate the feas
Page 96 and 97:
obtained from the legal representat
Page 98 and 99:
Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
Page 100 and 101:
Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
Page 102 and 103:
References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
Page 104 and 105:
39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
Page 108 and 109:
IntroductionPersons with profound i
Page 110 and 111:
DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
Page 112 and 113:
Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
Page 114 and 115:
Table 3. Summary of the statistical
Page 116 and 117:
Table 6. Summary of the statistical
Page 118 and 119:
RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
Page 120 and 121:
18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
Page 124 and 125:
IntroductionIt is important to gain
Page 126 and 127:
48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
Page 128 and 129:
Furthermore, the mean and the range
Page 130 and 131:
Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
Page 132 and 133:
Relation between heart rate pattern
Page 134 and 135:
patterns in this study we can concl
Page 136 and 137:
References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
Page 138 and 139:
38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
Page 140 and 141:
Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
Page 142 and 143:
on this. To sum up, testing in pers
Page 144 and 145:
for future research it is recommend
Page 146 and 147:
studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
Page 148 and 149:
of these individuals require more?
Page 150 and 151:
19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
Page 152 and 153:
SummarySummary | 151
Page 154 and 155:
problems in both locomotor skills a
Page 156 and 157:
subjects are to be applied to perso
Page 158 and 159:
may be an indicator of activity lev
Page 160 and 161:
SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
Page 162 and 163:
InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
Page 164 and 165:
verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
Page 166 and 167:
Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
Page 168 and 169:
Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
Page 170 and 171:
DankwoordDankwoord | 169
Page 172 and 173:
De leden van de leescommissie, prof
Page 174 and 175:
Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
Page 176 and 177:
Dankwoord | 175
Page 178 and 179:
Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
Page 180:
Curriculum vitae | 179
show all

Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?