Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

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Theoretical framework of the studyInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and HealthPhysical fitness is related to health [26] which in turn is related to participation [36]. Sinceparticipation for persons with ID is important, it is necessary to describe the relation betweenhealth and participation for this specific group as well [6].The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health [36] is a commonly usedmodel for various target groups in the field of health care. The concept of participation is definedwithin the framework of the ICF [3]. Kiestra [6] described participation in persons with a profoundintellectual and visual disability as the extent to which someone can take part in or has influenceon situations and contexts that are important to him or her, or are considered to be important tohim or her by his or her representative or personal coach. This includes situations such as livinghabits, daily activities, leisure activities, recreation, sports, etc. The level of participation is linkedto the abilities of performing the activities in question. In figure 1 the physical fitness componentsand their related activities are integrated into the model of the ICF to show their relation.Health condition, disease or disability- Visual impairment- Neurologic diseases- Orthopedic defects- Etc.Body functions andStructure- Cognition- Visual perception- Cardiorespiratoryfitness- Muscle strength andflexibility- Balance- Body composition- Etc.Activities/disabilities:- Visual functioning- Understanding- Walking- Standing- Stand-up- Walking stairs- Sitting- Etc.Participation- Daily activities- Leisure activities- Sports- Family- Live habits- Etc.Environmental Factors- Parents- Direct support persons- Facility- Etc.Personal factors:- Age, gender- BMI, waist circumference- Motivation- Etc.Figure 1. ICF model with physical fitness components and their related activities.Chapter 1 | 13
Health, physical fitness, physical activity and quality of lifeSeveral models and concepts have been developed to describe quality of life, participation,physical well-being, physical fitness, physical activity, health and their mutual relatedness.To illustrate the connections between these concepts, a combination of three models is made,which is shown in Figure 2.Quality of lifeIParticipationPhysical well-beingIIIPhysical activityPhysical fitnessHealthFigure 2. Integration of models and concepts of participation, quality of life, physical well-being, physical activity,physical fitness, and health [1, 26, 27, 28, 29]. I. refers to the description of the model of Shalock in the text; and IIIrefers to the model of Bouchard in the text.I. First, Schalock et al. [1] provided a concept of quality of life within the international fieldof intellectual disabilities. Most quality of life concepts share the following common features:general feelings of well-being, feelings of positive social involvement, and opportunities toachieve personal potential [1]. In this model, physical well-being is incorporated as one of theseven domains that contribute to quality of life. Furthermore, quality of life is considered to be anoutcome measure of participation [36].II. Second, we incorporated the following statement into the model: sufficient health improveswell-being and quality of life as well [27, 28, 29].III. The third part of our model reflects the Toronto model, which describes the relation betweenphysical fitness, physical activity and health. Both sufficient physical fitness and physical activityimprove health [26]. Physical activity is defined as any body movement produced by skeletalmuscles that results in energy expenditure [37], while physical fitness is defined as the ability toperform physical activity, depending on a specific set of attributes that people have or achieve(The American College of Sports Medicine, ACSM) [38]. However, only physical activity whichreveals heart rates of more than 55% of the heart rate reserve during 5 days in a week, maygain profit for physical fitness [39]. Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental andsocial well-being, and is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well asphysical capacities [40]. As far as we know, the direct relation between physical activity / physicalfitness and participation in persons with SPIMD is still unknown, as indicated by the dotted line.14 | Chapter 1
Page 2 and 3: Measuring physical fitnessin person
Page 4: Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
Page 12 and 13: overweight [15]. This prevalence is
Page 16 and 17: Components of physical fitnessThe a
Page 18 and 19: Therefore, a study is put forward w
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Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 24 and 25: IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
Page 26 and 27: GMFCS was presented to the investig
Page 28 and 29: Body weightTo determine the body we
Page 30 and 31: Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
Page 32 and 33: Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
Page 34 and 35: DiscussionThe results of our study
Page 36 and 37: References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
Page 38 and 39: 37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
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Page 46 and 47: Data analysisThe data were analyzed
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Page 56 and 57: IntroductionPeople with intellectua
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Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
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AcknowledgementsThis research was f
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21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
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Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
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IntroductionIntellectual disability
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Exclusion criteria were mental or p
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participant had fulfilled the task.
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Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
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Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
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Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
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preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
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References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
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37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
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Chapter 6Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
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this study was to evaluate the feas
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obtained from the legal representat
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
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References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
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39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
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Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
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IntroductionPersons with profound i
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DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
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Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
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Table 3. Summary of the statistical
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Table 6. Summary of the statistical
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RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
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18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
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Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
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IntroductionIt is important to gain
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48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
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Furthermore, the mean and the range
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Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
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Relation between heart rate pattern
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patterns in this study we can concl
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References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
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38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
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Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
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on this. To sum up, testing in pers
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for future research it is recommend
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studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
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of these individuals require more?
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19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179
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