draining development.pdf - Khazar University

Index 523Paraguayhuman trafficking in, 493illegal kleptocratic outflows from,146tax evasion in, 80partie civile, concept of, 450n11Penza, Ronald, 442PEPs (politically exposed persons),defined, 398. See alsoanti-money laundering (AML)controls; kleptocracy; stolenasset recoveryPerera, Anura Leslie, 439Perudrug economy in, 493FDI from Colombia in, 160, 161kleptocratic outflows from, 146,167n18, 384, 389–90, 391f, 392,406, 501Philip Morris, 162Philippine Institute of DevelopmentStudies, 391PhilippinesAML controls and, 380, 391–92, 395,410n22human trafficking and, 184, 198n7as intermediate developer, 48international profit shifting,tax-induced, 128Marcos kleptocracy in, 7, 75, 78, 379,380, 384, 391–92, 395, 403–4,406, 410n22, 488, 501tax evasion in, 75, 78trade mispricing and, 329Pieth, Mark, 447Plan Colombia, 161Plasschaert, S. R. F., 223Poland, tax evasion in, 81policy responses to IFFs, 6–7, 13–15,483–503. See also anti-moneylaundering (AML) controls;stolen asset recoveryanalytical framework for, 58–64, 60fcontrol or reduction of flows,proposals aimed at, 487–91effectiveness of focus on IFFs, 484–87estimates of scale of IFFs, 494–98illegal markets, 492–94potential benefits of IFFs, 496–97,499research agenda, 499–501significance of IFFs, 498–99tax evasion and avoidance, 88–93tax havens, 365, 490–91TPM, 254–56, 256b, 491–92political economy of IFFs, 7–10,457–80. See also analyticalframework for understandingIFFs; tax evasion and avoidancedeveloping countries, stresses ofcapital mobility on, 459–60domestic problems, IFFsexacerbating, 458–59drug economy, international natureof, 464–67emergent economies, in typology ofpolitical jurisdictions, 460, 471enforcement of IFF controls,consequences of, 475–77financialization, 461–62globalization, effects of, 457–58, 459,461–67income inequality, growing rate of, 461location of capital and profits,471–75, 472tnatural resource rents, 463–64,478–79n3–4OECD countriesglobalization and, 461location of capital and profits and,473in typology of political jurisdictions,460, 467–68, 469ttax evasion and avoidance, politicaleconomy model of, 77–78, 85t,87t