draining development.pdf - Khazar University

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Table 10.5. Underreporting of Exports by Country, 2002–06percentImporterUnited States Germany China United Kingdom Japan All fiveExporter Gap Exporter Gap Exporter Gap Exporter Gap Exporter Gap Exporter GapLibya 14.5 EquatorialGuinea12.1 EquatorialGuinea14.9 Indonesia 12.1 Iraq 16.3 EquatorialGuineaLesotho 13.5 Indonesia 11.9 Congo, Rep. 13.5 Lao PDR 11.5 Equatorial 14.0 Indonesia 12.4GuineaIndonesia 13.3 Ukraine 11.4 Congo, 12.7 Myanmar 11.5 Western Sahara 13.7 Philippines 11.6Dem. Rep.Philippines 12.7 Philippines 11.2 Chad 11.8 Falkland Islands 11.2 Indonesia 13.2 Iraq 11.4Iraq 12.5 Serbia andMontenegro11.0 Rwanda 11.8 Philippines 11.5 Botswana 12.8 Western Sahara 11.312.6330 Draining Development?Source: Author computation based on data of UN Comtrade (United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database), Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UnitedNations, New York, http://comtrade.un.org/db/.
Trade Mispricing and Illicit Flows 331Table 10.6. Correlation of Exporter-Specific Average Trade GapsCountry United States Germany China United Kingdom Japan AllUnited States 1.0000Germany 0.9245 1.0000China 0.8357 0.7824 1.0000United Kingdom 0.9368 0.9571 0.7986 1.0000Japan 0.9015 0.8572 0.8963 0.8582 1.0000All five importers 0.9700 0.9494 0.9120 0.9564 0.9548 1.0000Source: Author computation based on data of UN Comtrade (United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database), StatisticsDivision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, http://comtrade.un.org/db/.Note: The table is based on 202 observations.This chapter critically reviews empirical approaches to quantify theextent of trade mispricing. There are at least two sorts of problems. First,mispricing behavior is hard to identify. The analysis of discrepancies inbilateral trade statistics appears to be of generally limited value becausegaps in trade statistics also typically arise for reasons unrelated to mispricing.The second set of issues refers to the motivations for fraudulenttrade behavior. Even if mispricing is properly identified, there are incentivesfor faking trade invoices other than the desire to transfer capital.Overall, the accuracy and reliability of estimates of IFFs based on trademispricing are questioned. This finding is in line with Bhagwati (1967,63), who argues that, “whereas it is easy to establish the conditions underwhich the faking of trade values . . . will occur, it is in practice extremelydifficult to set about determining whether such faking is actually occurring.It is further impossible to find out how much faking is going on.”Notes1. This difference is based on agreed guidelines for international trade statistics aspublished by the United Nations (1998). Some countries, however, also reportimports on an f.o.b. basis (for example, Australia).2. Ruffles et al. (2003) provide a more detailed description.3. Winston (1974, 64) argues that, “regardless of the sincerity of efforts, it is virtuallyimpossible to control overinvoicing considering the myriad ways it can, infact, be done.”4. For an early attempt, see the European Commission’s initiative Simpler Legislationfor the Internal Market, which is documented at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/simplification/index_en.htm.
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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DRAININGDEVELOPMENT?Controlling Flo
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ContentsForewordAcknowledgmentsCont
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Contents vii15. Policy and Research
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ForewordThe subject of Draining Dev
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AcknowledgmentsThis project was ini
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ContributorsMarcela Anzola is a leg
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AbbreviationsAFDIALPAMLATMBLSBNPCBN
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1Introduction and Overview:The Dyna
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Introduction and Overview: The Dyna
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Part IThe Political Economyof Illic
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22 Draining Developmentvital to hav
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24 Draining Developmentinstitutiona
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26 Draining Developmentdemanding wa
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28 Draining Developmentthe early 19
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30 Draining Developmentthe primary
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32 Draining Developmentsomewhere el
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34 Draining Developmentonly of unre
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36 Draining Development2. The socia
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38 Draining Developmentdeveloping c
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40 Draining Development8.5 times, m
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42 Draining DevelopmentTo understan
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44 Draining Developmentcaptured by
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46 Draining Developmentlead to a li
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48 Draining Developmentis turned, m
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50 Draining Developmentprofitabilit
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52 Draining Developmentpromote grow
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54 Draining DevelopmentLatin Americ
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56 Draining DevelopmentWe should no
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58 Draining DevelopmentTable 2.2. I
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60 Draining Developmentpolicies in
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62 Draining Developmentattempt to r
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64 Draining DevelopmentMalawi is no
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66 Draining DevelopmentGlobal Witne
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68 Draining Development———. 2
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70 Draining Developmentillicit capi
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72 Draining Developmentgovernance i
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74 Draining Developmentpopular Russ
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76 Draining Developmentthe rent see
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78 Draining Developmenthorizons tha
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80 Draining Development(compared wi
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82 Draining Developmentproviding be
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84 Draining Developmentessential to
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86 Draining Developmentfrom the gen
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88 Draining DevelopmentControlling
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90 Draining Developmentincome ones,
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92 Draining Developmentmutual oblig
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94 Draining Developmentincentives a
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96 Draining Developmentcoverage), (
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98 Draining Development40. The Nati
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100 Draining DevelopmentDFID (U.K.
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102 Draining DevelopmentHayoz, N.,
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104 Draining DevelopmentPolicy. Hel
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106 Draining DevelopmentThies, C. 2
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4Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance:The
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Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance: The
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5Illicit Capital Flows and MoneyLau
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Illicit Capital Flows and Money Lau
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6Human Trafficking andInternational
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Human Trafficking and International
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Part IIITo What Extent DoCorporatio
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206 Draining Development?Introducti
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208 Draining Development?1979). The
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210 Draining Development?Why Engage
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212 Draining Development?Transfer P
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214 Draining Development?• If exp
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216 Draining Development?Income shi
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218 Draining Development?such studi
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220 Draining Development?between re
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222 Draining Development?transactio
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224 Draining Development?Some resea
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226 Draining Development?(mostly by
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228 Draining Development?the abilit
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230 Draining Development?———.
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232 Draining Development?———.
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8The Role of Transfer Pricing inIll
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The Role of Transfer Pricing in Ill
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9Accounting for theMissing Billions
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Accounting for the Missing Billions
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380 Draining Development?unemployme
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382 Draining Development?Wrong 2000
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384 Draining Development?countries.
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386 Draining Development?held. 19 W
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388 Draining Development?Situationa
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390 Draining Development?from Cayma
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392 Draining Development?has been r
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394 Draining Development?Case 2. Up
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396 Draining Development?majority.
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398 Draining Development?conceptual
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400 Draining Development?Member cou
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402 Draining Development?Box 12.1 A
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404 Draining Development?this level
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406 Draining Development?set agains
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408 Draining Development?2. A paral
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410 Draining Development?• By cor
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412 Draining Development?Auld, R. 2
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13The Kleptocrat’s Portfolio Deci
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The Kleptocrat’s Portfolio Decisi
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14The Practical Political Economyof
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The Practical Political Economy of
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15Policy and Research Implicationso
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Policy and Research Implications of
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IndexBoxes, figures, notes, and tab
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Index 509in developing countries, 2
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Index 511ChinaAML controls and, 401
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Index 513Ethiopia, and tax havens,
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Index 515government territorial con
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Index 517Indiadistortionary governm
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Index 519Kudrle, R., 340-41, 345Kuw
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Index 521informal economy, 145, 150
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Index 523Paraguayhuman trafficking
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Index 525SSalinas, Paulina, 394Sali
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Index 527political economy model of
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Index 529Trocca, 394Truman, E. M.,
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Index 531Willmott, H., 207windfall
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AGROWING CONCERN AMONG THOSE INTERE
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