Development of Parties and Party Systems in ... - lah@sam.sdu.dk

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marketisation and privatisationshort term strategies of survivalpolitical learning1991- : ordinary politics, moving towards:a. ”petrification”formalistic demokratimajority rulefocusing on technology of power (“cartellisation”)emergence of clientelism and clienturadelegative demokracydemocracy by designfreezing of cleavagespolarisered pluralismadversary politicsdemocratisation by designdemocary by defaultpostcommunist cartel partiesauthoritarian democracynon-party pluralismpluralist stagnationneither plan nor markedor6
. consolidationthe ”two turn over testen” passedfair and free electionsfair play between government and oppositionformation of stronger civile societiesrule by lawsdepersonalization, rutinization and erosion of charismakonsensualism and consocietalismde-ideologisation and pragmatisationfreezing and de-freezing of cleavagesinstitutionalisationfunctional market economy1.2. Political parties and party systemsPolitical parties can be defined in minimalistic ways, in which case they may be considered as “anypolitical group that presents at elections and is capable of placering through elections candidates forpublic office” (Sartori, 1976:64), in opposition to the more maximalistic and demandingformulations, used by Jan-Erik Lane and Svante Ersson (Lane and Ersson, 1999:132), who say that“political parties are organized collectivities orientated towards the pursuit of some combinationof the goal of electoral success and in the end of political effectiveness, i.e. the capacity of parties tohave an impact upon government policy-making. Differences in strategy and tactics between partiesmay help explain the variation in the capacity of parties to cope with a changing if not turbulentenvironment”.Using a more maximalist definition the demand of a more robust party organisation can beincluded. Seen in a functionalistic perspective the parties must be able to recruit people to importantposts in society, control and coordinate and secure more quality and stability in publicadministration. Moreover, parties are considered as political associations which by competing withother parties take part in election campaigns with the aim to gain governmental power and takingresponsibility for the state 1 . Parties may also be seen as functional agencies, as they serve specific1 Inka Slodkowska,”Partie i ugrupowania polityczne polskiej transformacji”, in: Jacek Wasilewski (ed), 1997.7
Page 3: “This provisional situation chara
Page 8 and 9: purposes, are channels for “expre
Page 10 and 11: the significance of strategic choic
Page 12 and 13: presidentialism gave rise to “flo
Page 14 and 15: antipolitics and reinforcement of a
Page 16 and 17: In the late 1990’s elections most
Page 18 and 19: determined primarily by “politica
Page 20 and 21: politics and antipolitics, all sign
Page 22 and 23: which attitudes to state regulation
Page 24 and 25: Anti-communism has been defined in
Page 26 and 27: elections and the Slovak communists
Page 28 and 29: Cartel agreementsbetter representat
Page 30 and 31: Basically the absence of clear cons
Page 32 and 33: After 1989 different types of polit
Page 34 and 35: complex project for transition unde
Page 36 and 37: window of opportunity in spite of s
Page 38 and 39: analyses of party institutionalizat
Page 40 and 41: political messages and slogans. Thu
Page 42 and 43: well established party culture may
Page 44 and 45: expected, much due to the many spli
Page 46 and 47: Furthermore, the polarisation on el
Page 48 and 49: Finally, Solidarity can also be con
Page 50 and 51: whole, on the one side an authorita
Page 52 and 53: The economic recession and the grav
Page 54 and 55: election defeat more cooperation an
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The formation of AWS can be conside
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group. RS AWS constituted the Chris
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According to the original plans the
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values. According to Rybicki, as so
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AWS should fight against all types
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2001 parliamentary election, howeve
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and workers voted ZChN. At the 1993
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The League has been considered as a
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establishment like than LPR’s. Th
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jobs in rural areas, especially sma
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industrial policy. According to the
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pressurizing the government to give
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democrats, thereby locating itself
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To conclude, the Freedom Union (UW)
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Polish middle class. Thus, in Janua
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such as KSCM and KSS in The Czech R
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The SLD leaders were mainly recruit
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the falling popular support for pri
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innovation was formation of the pol
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place after talks with each applica
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Has the Left any freedom of manoeuv
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medicine, changes in the labour cod
Page 100 and 101:
The Labour Union (UP), Democratic U
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Nevertheless, before that had taken
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