mechanisms are also under pressure; a large percentage of households have to takecare of chronically ill people or OVCs, placing further financial burden on thosemembers who are caregivers and/or the primary, or only, income source.- HIV/AIDS is having an economic effect on government expenditure, with the budgethaving to contribute to the cost of prevention and cure. In the health sector,preventative and curative services are under stress, with increasing demands due toAIDS-related illnesses; as evidence, a high proportion of admissions (60%) inhospitals in 2006 were due to HIV/AIDS.The impacts of HIV/AIDS that specifically relate to the sugar industry include:- Impact on labour and productivity, particularly labour loss through illness and death;workers taking time off sick, or being unable to perform active tasks and thusrequiring allocation to lighter duties; and lack of available ‘quality’ labour(skilled/trained and unskilled) and ‘quality’ work. In the RSSC Newsletter SikhulileNews, the Managing Director stated: “The RSSC is already experiencing the negativeimpacts through increased medical costs, increased sick leave and reducedproductivity” 48 . In the long term, increasing demands for able-bodied workers may notbe met locally, and lower levels of production may compound increased povertylevels and food insecurity at the household level.- Households who belong to Farmers Associations (FAs) may not have membersavailable to represent them, or to contribute/work for the association. Theconsequence is that land may be taken away by family members or others who ‘stepin’ as representatives (especially affecting OVCs).- Women are more likely to be affected by risks associated with changes in society asa result of developments in the sugar industry. For example, the movement fromsubsistence to cash crop economy may place them in a vulnerable position, mademore precarious if family members contract HIV/AIDS.- Milling companies have to provide greater financial outlay and human resources tomitigate the effects of HIV/AIDS, for their employees and for surroundingcommunities, for food and medical benefits, clinic outreach, school feedingprogrammes, death benefits and training investment. Although FAs may not havedirect social responsibility towards those affected by the virus, through their verynature they hold some accountability to their membership.On the positive side, developments in the industry have: created an increased awareness ofHIV/AIDS, through education programmes by the government, the sugar companies, andthrough projects; ensured greater access to health facilities, such as SWADE’s contributiontowards a pathology laboratory in Siphofaneni to test for HIV; and produced higher levels ofdisposable (cash) income, leading to improved nutritional levels and raising households’ability to finance medical care.5.5.3 Expected impacts with implementation of theNAS<strong>No</strong> NAS component has been implemented which directly impacts on HIV/AIDS.A specific NAS measure proposes the establishment of an effective and continuous AIDSprogramme, and related AIDS (effects) mitigation measures. In the strategic response48 Sikhulile News. The RSSC Newsletter. January/February 2010RDMU (<strong>Strategic</strong> Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 84
measures of the NAS, the RDMU indicated that it will initiate a study to establish the impactof HIV/AIDS on the performance of the sugar industry.In the second Annual Report of the RDMU (RDMU, 2010b), Annual Action Programme (AAP)2010 provides for Support to Social <strong>Service</strong>s and Infrastructure. Action to reduce the costs ofsocial services had been a priority for the industry, and the EU financed a study in <strong>2007</strong> toidentify actions for financing. Three strategies were mooted for social services: handing overto government, outsourcing to the private sector, or cutting costs through energy savings andefficiency. However, there was recognition that over the medium term government cannottake over services owing to financial and human resources constraints, and a strategy builton putting in place alternative institutional structures during the limited lifespan of the NASwas unrealistic. Rather, the NAS would focus on actions that mitigate recurrent or capitalcost of social services to the industry. In the health sector, proposed actions were limited tominor upgrading of health facilities to combat resistant TB (as a disease linked to HIV/AIDS).This was on the basis that government lacks the financial resources to operate industryhealth facilities, and the rural location/demographic characteristics make them unattractive tothe private sector (as outsourcing). Although it was expected that the quality of socialservices provided to the sugar-belt community be maintained at the current standards,education rather than health was given preference in 2010.A possible focus of the MIP 2011-13 is to deliver institutional support that consolidates andextends activities of existing sugar sector bodies/institutions so as to ensure the long-termsustainability of initiatives. This includes the upgrading and adaptation of health facilities, tomeet ongoing health challenges (HIV/AIDS, TB etc). In addition, the NAS promotessupporting an enabling environment to foster socio-economic development, and sees thisbeing HIV/AIDS Testing, Counselling and Treatment by RSSC and Ubombo Sugar, andHIV/AIDS initiatives by various governmental bodies. However, there is no guarantee that theEU will endorse the inclusion of social services in the MIP, and that health will receive abudget allocation.On a more general level the NAS indicates that it will support smallholder farmers inimproving their farm operations, to improve efficiency and viability of existing farmers andfacilitate the entry of new ones, which could include mitigating against the effects ofHIV/AIDS. In addition, it supports the creation of additional structures/institutions/programmes necessary for the successful implementation of the strategy, again possiblylinked to HIV/AIDS.5.5.4 Options to address the key aspectEffective management of HIV/AIDS is the foundation of the control of the virus. It preventsthe development to AIDS and related complications of the disease, and decreases thespread of the virus. Management is through:- prevention, including education and voluntary testing;- appropriate treatment;- care and support measures.Although interventions have been identified that assist stakeholders to effectively address theHIV/AIDS epidemic, it is important to focus on issues specifically related to the sugarindustry. Activities include:- Analysis of the national policy, regulatory and institutional framework to addressHIV/AIDS-related challenges in the sugar industry; to assess what will work in thefuture, drawing on lessons learnt from past experiences.RDMU (<strong>Strategic</strong> Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 85
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Restructuring and DiversificationMa
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DISCLAIMERThe contents of this repo
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5.7.2 Expected impacts in absence o
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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HIVHPIIAIAIDIPCCIPPISOITFIWRMJWCKDD
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PSIRBARDMUREASWARMFRPDPRSARSSCSS&MS
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UNEPUNFCCCUNICEFUNISWAUSUS$VACVCTWF
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSwaziland has be
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- In spite of the above water-stora
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to keep the same quality), destruct
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ooooMust be based on a basin-wide h
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ooooMust address the socio-economic
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- Optimal use should be made of thi
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2 BACKGROUND2.1 The EU sugar reform
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eing implemented directly by the in
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for implementation. For future StrE
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operating in Swaziland, one in Simu
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4.2 Climate and climate changeSwazi
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4.4 Land and land tenureLand tenure
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Most of the water in Swaziland (96%
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−−−Decline in biodiversity (m
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Figure 6: Cause-effect relationship
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Figure 8:Cause-effect relationships
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Figure 29:Environmental and socio-e
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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Annex 3: Key stakeholdersTable 19:M
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Institutional ActorMinistry of Natu
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Institutional ActorSwaziland SugarA
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Institutional ActorDepartment of Wa
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Table 20:Other key stakeholders rel
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StakeholderRiver BasinAuthorities (
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StakeholderWorld VisionWorld FoodPr
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Annex 4: Main policy documents and
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational Re
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeComprehensi
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational En
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeDraft Natio
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Piece of legislationNational TrustC
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Piece of legislationThe Public Heal
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Piece of legislationTreaty on devel
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Piece of legislationUnited NationsF
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Annex 5: Stakeholder engagement met
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Date Time Place Name Organisation P
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StrEA STUDY PHASEDate Time Place Na
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Annex 7: List of participants to th
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Cortez, LAB and Brossard Pérez, LE
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Matsebula, M (2009) EC Accompanying
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Seebaluck, V.; Leal, MRLV; Rosillo-
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Annex 10: Terms of ReferenceTERMS O
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2.2. Requested services for the fir
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under consideration. The consultant
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2.5.4. Analysis of performance indi
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• Fluency in both written and spo