Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

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Figure 16:Map of Swaziland showing the four ecosystems developed and adoptedby the NBSAPSource: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)The area covered by each of these ecosystems varies greatly with aquatic and forestecosystems accounting for just 6% of Swaziland’s total area. The savanna ecosystem hasthe greatest area under protection (5%), while just 2% of each of the other three ecosystemsis currently protected.Plants and animals are not uniformly distributed across the four ecosystems. The distributionof vertebrates in relation to these ecosystems has been studied (Monadjem et al. 2003) andcan be used as an example. The savanna ecosystem supports the highest number ofspecies, followed by montane grassland, aquatic ecosystem and lastly forest (Table 11).Furthermore, species composition varies greatly between ecosystems. The “afromontane”fauna corresponds with aquatic ecosystems in high-lying montane grasslands, while the“East African lowland” fauna corresponds with aquatic ecosystems in low-lying savannas.Similarly, there appear to be two broad mammalian faunas (Monadjem, 1998); onecorresponds with montane grasslands, while the other with low-lying savannas. Though notquantified, a similar pattern seems to be evident in the avifauna. It is interesting to note thatthe greatest number of endemic and near-endemic vertebrates occur in the montanegrassland ecosystem (Table 11). Interestingly, trees show a different pattern to that ofvertebrates, with forests having the highest diversity (this is discussed further, below).RDMU (Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 66
Table 11:Species diversity by ecosystemTaxon Grassland Savanna Forest Aquatic TotalFish 0 0 0 51 (100%) 51Amphibians 9 (21%) 10 (24%) 1 (2%) 37 (88%) 42Reptiles 51 (46%) 76 (69%) 12 (11%) 7 (6%) 110Birds 138 (28%) 290 (58%) 91 (18%) 97 (19%) 500Mammals 49 (39%) 95 (75%) 13 (10%) 1(1%) 127Total 247 (30%) 471 (57%) 117 (14%) 192 (23%) 821Values in brackets represent the percentage of the total indigenous fauna (from Monadjem et al. 2003b)5.4.1.2 Vegetation typesThe vegetation of Swaziland was originally described by I’Ons (1967) and Acocks (1988).Based on this material, Sweet and Khumalo (1994) provide a detailed description of thevegetation in Swaziland, which they then classified into 22 units within the six physiographiczones mentioned above. A new vegetation map has recently been produced and publishedin the Swaziland Tree Atlas (Loffler and Loffler, 2005).These vegetation units are based on climatic, topographic, and soil characteristics as well asplant species composition. The vegetation classification of Sweet and Khumalo is similar tothe vegetation types described by Goudie and Price Williams (1983), but is more detailedthan the latter. In contrast, the vegetation map of Dobson and Lotter (2004) is based on thecategories developed for South Africa, and hence demonstrates a regional perspectivelacking in earlier maps.Figure 17:Map of the recently produced vegetation types of Swaziland(Source: Dobson and Lotter 2004)RDMU (Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 67
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Restructuring and DiversificationMa
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DISCLAIMERThe contents of this repo
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5.7.2 Expected impacts in absence o
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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HIVHPIIAIAIDIPCCIPPISOITFIWRMJWCKDD
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PSIRBARDMUREASWARMFRPDPRSARSSCSS&MS
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UNEPUNFCCCUNICEFUNISWAUSUS$VACVCTWF
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSwaziland has be
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- In spite of the above water-stora
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to keep the same quality), destruct
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ooooMust be based on a basin-wide h
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ooooMust address the socio-economic
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- Optimal use should be made of thi
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2 BACKGROUND2.1 The EU sugar reform
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Page 31 and 32: for implementation. For future StrE
Page 33 and 34: operating in Swaziland, one in Simu
Page 35 and 36: 4.2 Climate and climate changeSwazi
Page 37 and 38: 4.4 Land and land tenureLand tenure
Page 39 and 40: Most of the water in Swaziland (96%
Page 41 and 42: −−−Decline in biodiversity (m
Page 43 and 44: Figure 6: Cause-effect relationship
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Page 61 and 62: ipening period. Presence of pests a
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Page 67 and 68: contribute to poverty alleviation.
Page 69 and 70: sufficient to cover all the farmers
Page 71 and 72: which revealed that 66% of the popu
Page 73 and 74: funds, and they then have to mark u
Page 75 and 76: contracts; in practical terms there
Page 77 and 78: The United Nations Conference on Tr
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Page 83 and 84: Figure 19:Distribution of endemic p
Page 85 and 86: mostly on paper, are not cross-sect
Page 87 and 88: particularly true where mitigation
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement of legislation is key t
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Page 95 and 96: The company implements an HIV/AIDS
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Page 99 and 100: measures of the NAS, the RDMU indic
Page 101 and 102: sustainable business. Based on ISO
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Page 111 and 112: 5.8 Key aspect 7: Regulation of eff
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Page 115 and 116: 5.9.4 Options to address the key as
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Page 119 and 120: IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
Page 121 and 122: IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
Page 123 and 124: 6.2 Proposed StrEA performance indi
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Page 127 and 128: Indicator Measurement ObservationsR
Page 129 and 130: 7.1 Addressing High Priority aspect
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RECOMMENDATION INVOLVED INSTITUTION
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H. REGULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSI
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NAS Area Description Proposed measu
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Figure 29:Environmental and socio-e
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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Annex 3: Key stakeholdersTable 19:M
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Institutional ActorMinistry of Natu
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Institutional ActorSwaziland SugarA
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Institutional ActorDepartment of Wa
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Table 20:Other key stakeholders rel
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StakeholderRiver BasinAuthorities (
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StakeholderWorld VisionWorld FoodPr
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Annex 4: Main policy documents and
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational Re
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeComprehensi
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational En
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeDraft Natio
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Piece of legislationNational TrustC
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Piece of legislationThe Public Heal
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Piece of legislationTreaty on devel
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Piece of legislationUnited NationsF
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Annex 5: Stakeholder engagement met
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Date Time Place Name Organisation P
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StrEA STUDY PHASEDate Time Place Na
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Annex 7: List of participants to th
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Annex 8: Agenda for the stakeholder
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Cortez, LAB and Brossard Pérez, LE
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Matsebula, M (2009) EC Accompanying
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Seebaluck, V.; Leal, MRLV; Rosillo-
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Annex 10: Terms of ReferenceTERMS O
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2.2. Requested services for the fir
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under consideration. The consultant
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2.5.4. Analysis of performance indi
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• Fluency in both written and spo
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Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

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