Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

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TABLE 12: DISTRIBUTION OF ENDEMIC AND NEAR-ENDEMIC VERTEBRATES IN ECOSYSTEMS OFSWAZILAND ......................................................................................................................................69TABLE 13: SUMMARY OF THE NUMBER OF VERTEBRATES IN EACH THREAT CATEGORY .............................. 70TABLE 14: ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS ON TERRESTRIAL, FRESHWATER, ESTUARINE AND MARINEECOSYSTEMS IN SWAZILAND ............................................................................................................. 71TABLE 15: SYNTHESIS OF ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BCH AND GCH ................................... 89TABLE 16: AGROCHEMICAL COMPONENTS COMMONLY USED IN THE SWAZI SUGAR INDUSTRY ................... 93TABLE 17: NAS LOGFRAME INDICATORS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES ..... 103TABLE 18: PROPOSED STREA PERFORMANCE INDICATORS .................................................................. 109TABLE 19: MAIN INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS RELEVANT TO THE NAS .......................................................... 141TABLE 20: OTHER KEY STAKEHOLDERS RELEVANT TO THE NAS ........................................................... 149TABLE 21: MAIN POLICIES PLANS AND PROGRAMMES RELEVANT TO THE NAS ........................................ 155TABLE 22: MAIN REGULATIONS RELEVANT TO THE NAS ........................................................................ 164List of FiguresFIGURE 1: ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS IN SWAZILAND .............................................................................. 20FIGURE 2: AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN SWAZILAND ............................................................................. 22FIGURE 3: SWAZILAND RIVER NETWORK ................................................................................................ 24FIGURE 4: SWAZILAND ENERGY SUPPLY 1995 ...................................................................................... 26FIGURE 5: SWAZILAND PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY 2005 ........................................................................ 26FIGURE 6: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO INCREASE OF LAND UNDER SUGAR CANE(PART 1/2) .......................................................................................................................................29FIGURE 7: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO INCREASE OF LAND UNDER SUGAR CANE(PART 2/2) ...................................................................................................................................... 30FIGURE 8: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO CO-GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY USINGCANE TOPS AND TRASH ..................................................................................................................... 31FIGURE 9: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW FARMERS’ASSOCIATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 32FIGURE 10: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO HIV/AIDS ............................................... 33FIGURE 11: MAP OF THE PRIMARY CATCHMENTS OF SWAZILAND ........................................................... 38FIGURE 12: THE PORTIONS OF THE INKOMATI, MBULUZI AND MAPUTO BASINS IN SWAZILAND ................. 40FIGURE 13: LUSIP IRRIGATION CANAL ................................................................................................ 42FIGURE 14: SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN SWAZILAND ................................................. 44FIGURE 15: STUNTED SUGAR CANE DUE TO INSUFFICIENT WATER ......................................................... 47FIGURE 16: MAP OF SWAZILAND SHOWING THE FOUR ECOSYSTEMS DEVELOPED AND ADOPTED BYTHE NBSAP .................................................................................................................................... 66FIGURE 17: MAP OF THE RECENTLY PRODUCED VEGETATION TYPES OF SWAZILAND .............................. 67FIGURE 18: GRAPH SHOWING PROPORTIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF PLANT AND VERTEBRATE ANIMALSPECIES IN SWAZILAND .................................................................................................................... 68FIGURE 19: DISTRIBUTION OF ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS IN SWAZILAND .................................. 69FIGURE 20: SIMUNYE SUGAR ESTATE BORDERING THE HLANE GAME PARK ............................................ 69FIGURE 21: CLEARANCE OF NATIVE VEGETATION FOR SUGAR CANE FARMING ........................................ 73FIGURE 22: CHANGES IN EMISSION OF POPS WITH INCREASED LAND UNDER BCH FROM SCG ANDINCREASED GCH AT MILL ESTATES ................................................................................................... 91FIGURE 23: TOXICITY, LEACHING POTENTIAL AND HUMAN RISK FOR HERBICIDES COMMONLY USED IN SUGARCANE FARMING ................................................................................................................................. 94FIGURE 24: SUGAR MILL EFFLUENT AND TREATMENT ............................................................................ 97FIGURE 25: ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THE SUGAR PRODUCTION PROCESS .................................. 99FIGURE 26: COAL RESERVES AS SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL AT THE SUGAR MILLS ..................................... 100FIGURE 27: CONSISTENCY ANALYSIS OF NAS LOGFRAME PROPOSED INDICATORS WITH STREAOBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 104FIGURE 28: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN GENERAL ... 134FIGURE 29: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSOCIATED TO NAS ACTIONS ............. 135iii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations€ EuroAAPACATACPADPAEZAIDSAMICAALLAMSAMSPARTARVBCHBCHABCPDBMABODBSAPCCAADPCANGOCASPCBACBDCBOCCMCDMCEPCMACCMPCMSCOCO 2CODAnnual Action ProgrammeAfrica Cooperative Action TrustAfrica Caribbean PacificArea Development ProgrammeAgro-Ecological ZoneAcquired Immune-Deficiency SyndromeAfrica Mayors’ Initiative for Community Action on AIDS at the LocalLevelAIDS Management SystemAccompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol CountriesAntiretroviral TherapyAnti-RetroviralBurnt Cane HarvestingBusiness Community and HIV/AIDSBiodiversity Conservation Development ProjectBiodiversity Management AuthorityBiological Oxygen DemandBiodiversity Strategy and Action PlanCarbonComprehensive Africa Agriculture Development ProgrammeCoordinating Assembly of <strong>No</strong>n Government OrganisationsComprehensive Agricultural Sector PolicyCost-Benefit AnalysisUnited Nations Convention on Biological DiversityCommunity Based OrganisationCountry Coordinating MechanismClean Development MechanismCountry Environmental ProfileConciliation, Mediation and Arbitration CommissionComprehensive Management PlanConcentrated Molasses SolidsCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideChemical Oxygen Demandiv
Page 1 and 2: Restructuring and DiversificationMa
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMERThe contents of this repo
Page 5: 5.7.2 Expected impacts in absence o
Page 9 and 10: HIVHPIIAIAIDIPCCIPPISOITFIWRMJWCKDD
Page 11 and 12: PSIRBARDMUREASWARMFRPDPRSARSSCSS&MS
Page 13 and 14: UNEPUNFCCCUNICEFUNISWAUSUS$VACVCTWF
Page 15 and 16: 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSwaziland has be
Page 17 and 18: - In spite of the above water-stora
Page 19 and 20: to keep the same quality), destruct
Page 21 and 22: ooooMust be based on a basin-wide h
Page 23 and 24: ooooMust address the socio-economic
Page 25 and 26: - Optimal use should be made of thi
Page 27 and 28: 2 BACKGROUND2.1 The EU sugar reform
Page 29 and 30: eing implemented directly by the in
Page 31 and 32: for implementation. For future StrE
Page 33 and 34: operating in Swaziland, one in Simu
Page 35 and 36: 4.2 Climate and climate changeSwazi
Page 37 and 38: 4.4 Land and land tenureLand tenure
Page 39 and 40: Most of the water in Swaziland (96%
Page 41 and 42: −−−Decline in biodiversity (m
Page 43 and 44: Figure 6: Cause-effect relationship
Page 45 and 46: Figure 8:Cause-effect relationships
Page 47 and 48: Figure 10:Cause-effect relationship
Page 49 and 50: economic and social welfare in an e
Page 51 and 52: 5.2.1.3 Water usage and demand in S
Page 53 and 54: Table 7:Capacity, use, types and ch
Page 55 and 56: 5.2.1.5 The Komati Downstream Devel
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Table 8: Industry area (ha) by irri
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5.2.2 Expected impacts in absence o
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ipening period. Presence of pests a
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5.2.2.5 Effects of future water sho
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As was noted in the scoping report,
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contribute to poverty alleviation.
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sufficient to cover all the farmers
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which revealed that 66% of the popu
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funds, and they then have to mark u
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contracts; in practical terms there
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The United Nations Conference on Tr
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safety net would alleviate fears ar
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Table 11:Species diversity by ecosy
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Figure 19:Distribution of endemic p
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mostly on paper, are not cross-sect
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particularly true where mitigation
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Enforcement of legislation is key t
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In general, however, the HIV preval
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The HAPAC Programme applied two imp
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The company implements an HIV/AIDS
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improving co-ordination; to have a
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measures of the NAS, the RDMU indic
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sustainable business. Based on ISO
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Table 15:Synthesis of advantages an
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Considering an approximate total of
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Many factors intervene in determini
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The legal responsibilities for the
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5.8 Key aspect 7: Regulation of eff
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effluent standards. Otherwise there
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5.9.4 Options to address the key as
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Table 17:NAS logframe indicators ne
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IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
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IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
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6.2 Proposed StrEA performance indi
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Indicator Measurement ObservationsL
Page 127 and 128:
Indicator Measurement ObservationsR
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7.1 Addressing High Priority aspect
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RECOMMENDATION INVOLVED INSTITUTION
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
H. REGULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSI
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Page 141 and 142:
NAS Area Description Proposed measu
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Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 29:Environmental and socio-e
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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Annex 3: Key stakeholdersTable 19:M
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Institutional ActorMinistry of Natu
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Institutional ActorSwaziland SugarA
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Institutional ActorDepartment of Wa
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Table 20:Other key stakeholders rel
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StakeholderRiver BasinAuthorities (
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StakeholderWorld VisionWorld FoodPr
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Annex 4: Main policy documents and
Page 171 and 172:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational Re
Page 173 and 174:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeComprehensi
Page 175 and 176:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational En
Page 177 and 178:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeDraft Natio
Page 179 and 180:
Piece of legislationNational TrustC
Page 181 and 182:
Piece of legislationThe Public Heal
Page 183 and 184:
Piece of legislationTreaty on devel
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Piece of legislationUnited NationsF
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Annex 5: Stakeholder engagement met
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Date Time Place Name Organisation P
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StrEA STUDY PHASEDate Time Place Na
Page 193 and 194:
Annex 7: List of participants to th
Page 195 and 196:
Annex 8: Agenda for the stakeholder
Page 197 and 198:
Cortez, LAB and Brossard Pérez, LE
Page 199 and 200:
Matsebula, M (2009) EC Accompanying
Page 201 and 202:
Seebaluck, V.; Leal, MRLV; Rosillo-
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Annex 10: Terms of ReferenceTERMS O
Page 205 and 206:
2.2. Requested services for the fir
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under consideration. The consultant
Page 209 and 210:
2.5.4. Analysis of performance indi
Page 211 and 212:
• Fluency in both written and spo
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Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

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