Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

TABLE 12: DISTRIBUTION OF ENDEMIC AND NEAR-ENDEMIC VERTEBRATES IN ECOSYSTEMS OFSWAZILAND ......................................................................................................................................69TABLE 13: SUMMARY OF THE NUMBER OF VERTEBRATES IN EACH THREAT CATEGORY .............................. 70TABLE 14: ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS ON TERRESTRIAL, FRESHWATER, ESTUARINE AND MARINEECOSYSTEMS IN SWAZILAND ............................................................................................................. 71TABLE 15: SYNTHESIS OF ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BCH AND GCH ................................... 89TABLE 16: AGROCHEMICAL COMPONENTS COMMONLY USED IN THE SWAZI SUGAR INDUSTRY ................... 93TABLE 17: NAS LOGFRAME INDICATORS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES ..... 103TABLE 18: PROPOSED STREA PERFORMANCE INDICATORS .................................................................. 109TABLE 19: MAIN INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS RELEVANT TO THE NAS .......................................................... 141TABLE 20: OTHER KEY STAKEHOLDERS RELEVANT TO THE NAS ........................................................... 149TABLE 21: MAIN POLICIES PLANS AND PROGRAMMES RELEVANT TO THE NAS ........................................ 155TABLE 22: MAIN REGULATIONS RELEVANT TO THE NAS ........................................................................ 164List of FiguresFIGURE 1: ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS IN SWAZILAND .............................................................................. 20FIGURE 2: AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN SWAZILAND ............................................................................. 22FIGURE 3: SWAZILAND RIVER NETWORK ................................................................................................ 24FIGURE 4: SWAZILAND ENERGY SUPPLY 1995 ...................................................................................... 26FIGURE 5: SWAZILAND PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY 2005 ........................................................................ 26FIGURE 6: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO INCREASE OF LAND UNDER SUGAR CANE(PART 1/2) .......................................................................................................................................29FIGURE 7: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO INCREASE OF LAND UNDER SUGAR CANE(PART 2/2) ...................................................................................................................................... 30FIGURE 8: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO CO-GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY USINGCANE TOPS AND TRASH ..................................................................................................................... 31FIGURE 9: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW FARMERS’ASSOCIATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 32FIGURE 10: CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED TO HIV/AIDS ............................................... 33FIGURE 11: MAP OF THE PRIMARY CATCHMENTS OF SWAZILAND ........................................................... 38FIGURE 12: THE PORTIONS OF THE INKOMATI, MBULUZI AND MAPUTO BASINS IN SWAZILAND ................. 40FIGURE 13: LUSIP IRRIGATION CANAL ................................................................................................ 42FIGURE 14: SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN SWAZILAND ................................................. 44FIGURE 15: STUNTED SUGAR CANE DUE TO INSUFFICIENT WATER ......................................................... 47FIGURE 16: MAP OF SWAZILAND SHOWING THE FOUR ECOSYSTEMS DEVELOPED AND ADOPTED BYTHE NBSAP .................................................................................................................................... 66FIGURE 17: MAP OF THE RECENTLY PRODUCED VEGETATION TYPES OF SWAZILAND .............................. 67FIGURE 18: GRAPH SHOWING PROPORTIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF PLANT AND VERTEBRATE ANIMALSPECIES IN SWAZILAND .................................................................................................................... 68FIGURE 19: DISTRIBUTION OF ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS IN SWAZILAND .................................. 69FIGURE 20: SIMUNYE SUGAR ESTATE BORDERING THE HLANE GAME PARK ............................................ 69FIGURE 21: CLEARANCE OF NATIVE VEGETATION FOR SUGAR CANE FARMING ........................................ 73FIGURE 22: CHANGES IN EMISSION OF POPS WITH INCREASED LAND UNDER BCH FROM SCG ANDINCREASED GCH AT MILL ESTATES ................................................................................................... 91FIGURE 23: TOXICITY, LEACHING POTENTIAL AND HUMAN RISK FOR HERBICIDES COMMONLY USED IN SUGARCANE FARMING ................................................................................................................................. 94FIGURE 24: SUGAR MILL EFFLUENT AND TREATMENT ............................................................................ 97FIGURE 25: ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THE SUGAR PRODUCTION PROCESS .................................. 99FIGURE 26: COAL RESERVES AS SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL AT THE SUGAR MILLS ..................................... 100FIGURE 27: CONSISTENCY ANALYSIS OF NAS LOGFRAME PROPOSED INDICATORS WITH STREAOBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 104FIGURE 28: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN GENERAL ... 134FIGURE 29: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSOCIATED TO NAS ACTIONS ............. 135iii